Unbound liver concentration is the true inhibitor concentration that determines cytochrome P450-mediated drug–drug interactions in rat liver

Abstract

1. In order to identify the best inhibitor concentration for the accurate prediction of magnitude of a hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug–drug interaction (DDI), the DDI between nifedipine, the CYP substrate probe, and fluconazole, ketoconazole, or ritonavir, the CYP inhibitors, in in situ rat liver perfusion system and rats were investigated.

2. In in situ system, the intrinsic clearance (CLint) of nifedipine was decreased after co-infusion of the CYP inhibitors. The decrease in in situ CLint of nifedipine was most comparable to that in in vitro CLint in rat liver microsomes calculated by using the unbound liver concentrations of inhibitors ([I]liver,u). The ratios of unbound liver concentration to unbound hepatic vein concentration (Kp,uu) of ketoconazole and ritonavir were 4.0–8.0 and 18.4–21.1, suggesting a concentrative uptake of them into liver.

3. In rats, the DDI effects of orally administered nifedipine with constant infusion of the inhibitors were investigated. The most accurate prediction of magnitude of DDI was achieved when [I]liver,u was applied as the inhibitor concentration.

4. These results indicated that [I]liver,u is the most reliable inhibitor concentration for CYP-mediated DDI and it is necessary to consider the concentrative uptake of inhibitors into liver for the quantitative prediction of DDI.

Keywords:

• Fluconazole
• in situ rat liver perfusion
• intrinsic clearance (CLint)
• ketoconazole
• nifedipine
• ratio of unbound liver concentration to unbound hepatic vein concentration (Kp,uu)
• ritonavir

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Yoshiaki Kimura for the support of the animal experiment.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.