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Articles

Beyond furnaces and slags: a review study of bellows and their role in indigenous African metallurgical processes

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Pages 195-215 | Published online: 12 Aug 2009
 

Abstract

Combustion was pivotal in the heat-mediated process of indigenous metalworking in precolonial Africa. For such combustion to be initiated, a consistent supply of air was essential and because bellows generated the air that precipitated the chemical reactions integral to smelting and forging, they were thus critical apparatus in these pursuits. Surprisingly, bellows have failed to attract much academic research when compared to other components of indigenous metalworking such as furnaces, slags and tuyères. Perhaps the excellent preservation of remnants of furnaces and slags, and the contrasting perishable nature of bellows, is largely responsible for this lack of interest. This paper deals with a ‘forgotten’ but essential aspect of indigenous metal working in sub-Saharan Africa – the bellows. It discusses their chronology, distribution, technical parameters and socio-cultural dimensions. It achieves this by melding multiple strands of evidence from archaeology and its cognate disciplines.

La combustion était au centre du processus de la métallurgie traditionnelle en Afrique précoloniale. Elle se réalisait grâce à une alimentation conséquente en air entraînant des réactions chimiques durant les phases de réduction et de forgeage. Les soufflets assurant cette alimentation étaient donc les instruments essentiels de ce processus. Paradoxalement, ils n'ont pas suscité beaucoup d’études en comparaison avec les autres éléments constituants de la métallurgie traditionnelle (les fours, les scories et les tuyères). L'excellente conservation des fours et des scories, comparée à la nature périssable des soufflets, est en grande partie responsable de ce manque d'intérêt. Cet article traite d'un aspect « oublié », mais essentiel dans la compréhension de la métallurgie traditionnelle en l'Afrique Subsaharienne – les soufflets. Nous y discutons de leur chronologie, de leur distribution, de leurs paramètres techniques et de leurs dimensions socioculturelles grâce au croisement de données mises en évidence par l'archéologie et les disciplines apparentées.

Acknowledgements

Dr Caroline Robion translated the abstract into French. We extend our thanks to her. We also thank Simon Hall, David Killick, Tim Maggs, Duncan Miller, Peter Mitchell, Thilo Rehren, Vincent Serneels and two anonymous reviewers for sharing their ideas with us. Financial assistance from the National Research Foundation of South Africa is acknowledged with gratitude. Errors that remain should be however solely attributed to us.

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