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Articles

Twentieth-century Bena iron production in the Njombe district of Tanzania

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Pages 297-315 | Received 08 Mar 2021, Accepted 05 May 2022, Published online: 31 Aug 2022
 

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on Bena iron production in southern Tanzania to determine the geochemistry of smelted iron ore, verify liquid slag tapping mechanisms, explore the efficiency of iron production and identify the nature of final smelting products. To this end, chemical and mineralogical analytical techniques were used. Analytical results indicate that the Bena smelted titanium-rich iron ores to produce iron. It appears that liquid smelting slag was tapped out of the furnace through mlepulo, a local name for a channel or tunnel dug a few centimetres below the tuyères at a horizontal level. The slag microstructures strongly indicate that smelting tap slag cooled rapidly. This study also shows that the reduction process of Bena iron production was efficient in many respects due to the absence of high iron oxides in the slag microstructures. Based on the smelting slags’ chemistry and mineralogy, this paper argues that the Bena produced iron instead of carbon-rich steel.

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article se concentre sur la production de fer Bena du sud de la Tanzanie, visant à déterminer la géochimie du minerai de fer fondu, à préciser les mécanismes d’évacuation du laitier, à explorer l’efficacité de la production de fer et à identifier la nature des produits issus de la fonte. À ces fins, des techniques analytiques chimiques et minéralogiques furent employées. Les résultats indiquent que les Bena fondaient des minerais de fer riches en titane dans leur production du fer. Il semble que les produits de la fusion aient été extraits du four par des mlepulo, nom indigène donné à un canal ou tunnel creusé à l’horizontale à quelques centimètres au-dessous des tuyères. Les microstructures indiquent fortement que le laitier de fonderie s’est rapidement refroidi. Cette étude montre également que le processus de réduction dans la production de fer Bena était efficace à bien des égards, au vu de l’absence d’oxydes de fer élevés dans les microstructures du laitier. Sur la base de la chimie et de la minéralogie des scories de fusion, nous proposons que les Bena produisaient du fer plutôt que de l’acier riche en carbone.

Acknowledgments

This article originates from my PhD thesis. I should therefore like to thank my supervisors, Prof. Thilo Rehren and Dr Andrew Reid, as well as to those who funded my research: the University of London, the Tweedie Exploration Fund of the University of Edinburgh, University College London (UCL) and the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the University of Dar es Salaam and the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Edwinus Chrisantus Lyaya

Edwinus Chrisantus Lyaya is Senior Lecturer in Archaeological Materials Science at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). His research interests include archaeological materials science and the management and conservation of Africa’s cultural heritage. He is the General Secretary of the Eastern Africa Research and Innovation Management Association (EARIMA) the Secretariat of which is based at UDSM-Directorate of Research and Publication. He also manages a professional consultancy firm in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, including Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment.

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