681
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Maritime Lordship in Late-Medieval Gaelic Ireland

&
Pages 149-182 | Published online: 19 Jun 2017
 

Abstract

BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 15TH CENTURY a series of lordships had become firmly established along Gaelic Ireland’s western seaboard. These territories were controlled by a number of semi-autonomous kin groups, or ‘septs’. They were not homogenous entities but instead emerged under varying socio-political conditions and negotiated their relationships with society and landscape in multiple ways. Both physical geography and environment played a significant part in shaping the settlement and economic structures of each group. While this was a relatively conservative society, rooted in the traditions of the past, the lordships were also outward facing in their social and economic outlook. Rather than being remote and marginalised, these groupings were embedded within the broader north-western Atlantic social world, tied to the Continent through trade, the fishing industry and the increasingly cultural interconnectedness of society. However, by the close of the 16th century the lordships were under considerable stress following centuries of internecine conflict and increasing pressure from the English administration in Dublin and London.

Résumé

Seigneurie maritime dans l’Irlande gaélique de la fin du Moyen-Âge par Colin Breen et John Raven

Au milieu du 15ème siècle, une série de seigneuries s’étaient fermement établies le long du littoral ouest de l’Irlande gaélique, dans des territoires contrôlés par plusieurs groupes apparentés semi-autonomes, ou septs. Ces entités, loin d’être homogènes, avaient émergé sous diverses conditions sociopolitiques et négocié leur relation avec la société et le paysage de multiples manières. La géographie physique et l’environnement ont tous deux joué un rôle significatif dans la formation des structures de peuplement et économiques de chaque groupe. Bien qu’étant une société relativement conservatrice et ancrée dans les traditions anciennes, les seigneuries étaient également ouvertes vers l’extérieur dans leur vision sociale et économique. Loin d’être reculés et marginalisés, ces groupements étaient intégrés dans l’univers social global du nord-ouest Atlantique, ancrés au continent par le biais du négoce, de la pêche et l’interdépendance culturelle croissante de la société. Cependant, à la fin du 16ème siècle, des tensions considérables s’exerçaient sur les seigneuries, après des siècles de conflits fratricides et sous la pression croissante de l’administration anglaise à Dublin et à Londres.

Zusammenfassung

Maritime Lordship im gälischen Irland des späten Mittelalters von Colin Breen und John Raven

In der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts hatten sich an der Westküste des gälischen Irland eine Reihe von Lordships fest etablieren können. Diese Gebiete wurden beherrscht durch verschiedene teilautonome Sippen oder „septs”. Diese waren keine homogenen Einheiten, sondern das Produkt soziopolitischer Bedingungen, und formten ihre Beziehungen zu Gesellschaft und Landschaft auf vielfältige Weise. Bei der Gestaltung der Niederlassungen und ökonomischen Strukturen jeder Gruppe spielten sowohl physische Geografie als auch Umwelt eine Rolle. Es war eine relativ konservative Gesellschaft, tief verwurzelt in Traditionen; in sozialer und ökonomischer Hinsicht hatten die Lordships jedoch gleichzeitig eine weltoffene Haltung. Die Gruppen waren keineswegs weltfremd und marginalisiert, sondern Teil des nordwestatlantischen sozialen Gefüges, verbunden mit dem Kontinent durch Handel, Fischerei und zunehmend enger werdende kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Beziehungen. Dennoch waren die Lordships gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts, nach Jahrhunderten innerer Konflikte und unter zunehmendem Druck der englischen Verwaltungsorgane in Dublin und London, erheblichen Spannungen ausgesetzt.

Riassunto

Le signorie marittime nell’Irlanda gaelica del tardo Medioevo di Colin Breen e John Raven

Entro la metà del XV secolo si era saldamente stabilita una serie di signorie lungo la costa occidentale dell’Irlanda gaelica. Diversi gruppi semiautonomi imparentati, o ‘sette’, avevano il controllo di questi territori. Non erano entità omogenee, anzi erano gruppi emersi nel corso di condizioni socio-politiche mutevoli e avevano negoziato i loro rapporti con la società e con il territorio in modi svariati. Sia la geografia fisica che l’ambiente avevano avuto un ruolo importante nella formazione degli stanziamenti e delle strutture economiche di ciascun gruppo. Pur essendo relativamente conservatrice e radicata nelle tradizioni del passato, la società delle signorie era allo stesso tempo rivolta all’esterno per quanto riguarda le prospettive sociali ed economiche. Questi gruppi, anziché essere remoti ed emarginati, erano ben radicati nel più ampio tessuto sociale del nordovest atlantico, legato all’Europa continentale tramite i commerci, l’industria della pesca e i sempre più crescenti scambi interculturali della società. Tuttavia alla fine del XVI secolo le signorie si trovarono sottoposte a un notevole stress dovuto a secoli di conflitti micidiali e all’accresciuta pressione da parte dell’amministrazione inglese a Dublino e a Londra.

Notes

3 Barry Citation1987.

4 Otway-Ruthven Citation1968, 267.

5 O’Keeffe Citation1996.

6 Nicholls Citation1972.

7 Simms Citation1987.

8 O’Conor Citation1998.

9 Duffy, Edwards and FitzPatrick Citation2001.

10 FitzPatrick Citation2004; FitzPatrick and Fenwick Citation2001.

11 FitzPatrick Citation2009.

12 Breen Citation2005.

13 Kelleher Citation2007.

14 Nassens Citation2007.

15 FitzPatrick Citation2013.

16 Ní Loingsigh Citation1994.

17 MacCotter Citation2008.

18 Nicholls Citation1993, 165.

19 Kelleher Citation2007, 133.

20 Nassens Citation2007, 218.

21 AC 1235.

22 Manning Citation2007, 12.

23 Ó Muraíle Citation2001, 233.

24 MacGiolla Easpaig Citation1995, 788.

26 Gillmor Citation1965.

27 Simms Citation1995; McErlean Citation2011.

28 AC 1292.8.

29 Nicholls Citation1972.

30 AC 1343.13.

31 MacEiteagáin Citation1995, 203.

32 Simms Citation1987, 69.

33 Kingston Citation2001, 101.

34 Simms Citation1987, 114.

35 Nicholls Citation1972; O’Croinin Citation1995.

36 FitzPatrick Citation2004.

37 Ó Muraíle Citation2001.

38 RIA MS 23 P 2.

39 Walsh Citation1920.

40 MacEiteagáin Citation1995.

41 Allen Citation2013.

42 Simms Citation2007.

43 FitzPatrick Citation2013.

44 Simms Citation1987, 87.

45 Simms Citation1987, 118.

46 AC 1235. 12.

47 AC 1248. 12.

48 Nicholls Citation1993, 193.

49 Knott Citation1922, 131.

50 Ibid, 127.

51 Cannan Citation2010.

52 Kingston Citation2001.

53 O’Neill Citation1987.

54 Breen Citation2005, 114.

55 Cal Carew MSS, 1572.

56 Simms Citation1987, 137.

57 O’Mahony Citation2000.

58 Breen Citation2005.

59 Gardiner and McNeill Citation2016.

60 Cal Carew MSS 1.308.

61 MacEiteagáin Citation1995, 207.

62 McErlean Citation2011.

63 Simms Citation1978.

64 Nicholls Citation1972.

65 Cosgrove Citation2008.

66 O’Conor Citation1998, 75–7; Citation2005; McNeill Citation1997, 72–4, 157–64.

67 O’Rorke Citation1889.

68 As we will argue, Gaelic lords in contrast adopted informed architectural flourishes when building ecclesiastical buildings, in which context, it seems, such cultural tensions did not exist.

69 Knott Citation1922, 131.

70 Sherlock Citation2011.

71 McNeill Citation1997.

72 Barry Citation1987.

73 Ó Clabhaigh Citation2012.

74 Gwynn and Hadcock Citation1970, 300.

75 Manning, Citation2007, 13.

76 McErlean Citation2011.

77 O’Sullivan Citation2001.

78 Kelleher Citation2007.

79 Ibid.

80 Samuel Citation1998.

81 Samuel Citation1998.

82 Cal Carew MSS 1602.

83 Breen Citation2005.

84 Breen Citation1995.

85 Nassens Citation2007.

86 Simms Citation1995, 191.

87 Lacy Citation1983.

88 AFM 1456.

89 McErlean Citation2011.

90 Although undated, the Scottish character of Red Bay may suggest that what remains is primarily a MacDonnell rebuild.

91 We intend exploring these differences in future articles so will not elaborate further here.

92 PRO MPF/1/94.

93 O’Conor Citation2002.

94 Breen Citation2005.

95 Kew Citation1998.

96 See Horning Citation2004; Citation2007; Gardiner Citation2010.

97 Price Citation1932.

98 Cannan Citation2010.

99 Raven Citation2005.

100 Thomson Citation2002, 35.

101 This relatively high number is probably associated with the inland character of much of their territory, the nature of its topography and the relatively good quality of agricultural land present.

102 Simms Citation1995, 188.

103 While men had a military obligation, interrogating the historical and archaeological evidence of women in this society is more difficult and is something we intend returning to in a future article.

104 Ó Curnáin-Ó Sioradáin Citation2013.

105 Morrissey Citation2004.

106 Cal Carew MSS 1589–1600, 27.

107 Morgan Citation1999.

108 Kelleher Citation2007.

109 Breen Citation2005.

110 Horning Citation2013.

111 This is an issue intended for further exploration in a future paper.

112 Ellis Citation1998, 250.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 311.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.