Abstract
REMAINS OF AN 11th–13th-century farmstead were revealed during excavations within part of ‘The Hayworth’, an early enclosure on the ‘lost’ manor of Trubwick, (West Sussex).Footnote2Historical, landscape and toponymic evidence has been utilised to set the archaeological activity in context. It seems probable that the excavated site, and the Hayworth enclosure more broadly, relate to a specialised cattle rearing or vaccary farm. The site represents the most completely excavated vaccary complex yet known, and is the first recognisable example from the Wealden region in south-east England. The discovery has important implications for our current understanding of medieval Wealden economy and environment, as well as patterns of settlement evolution. Evidence suggests this site can be linked with the traditions of Anglo-Saxon outpasture and transhumance. This article explores the evidence from this site for the transition from a seasonal pasture to a permanent 12th-century manorial establishment held in severalty. The likely form of a vaccary complex is established and the potential for the existence of these specialised cattle ‘ranches’ and dairies is explored.
Résumé
Le « Hayworth » : un site d’exploitation du bétail en plaine dans le sud-est de l’Angleterre par Andrew Margetts
Les vestiges d’une ferme des 11ème – 13ème siècles ont été mis à jour lors de fouilles réalisées à l’intérieur du « Hayworth », une première enceinte du manoir « perdu » de Trubwick (West Sussex). Les éléments historiques, paysagers et toponymiques ont été mis à contribution pour remettre l’activité archéologique dans son contexte. Il semble probable que le site fouillé et, plus généralement, l’enceinte de Hayworth soient liés à une ferme spécialisée dans l’élevage de bovins. C’est le complexe d’élevage bovin le plus complètement fouillé à ce jour et le premier exemple reconnaissable dans la région du Weald, au sud-est de l’Angleterre.
Cette découverte a d’importantes répercussions sur ce que nous savons actuellement de l’économie et de l’environnement de la région du Weald au Moyen-Âge, et de l’évolution des schémas de peuplement. Les éléments suggèrent un lien entre ce site et les traditions anglo-saxonnes de mise à l’herbe et de transhumance. Cet article explore les données fournies par ce site en rapport avec la transition d’un pâturage saisonnier vers un établissement seigneurial permanent du 12ème siècle, réparti en parts individuelles. La forme probable d’un complexe d’élevage bovin est établie et l’existence possible de ces exploitations spécialisées dans l’élevage bovin et laitier est explorée.
Zusammenfassung
The Hayworth: Eine Melkerei im südostenglischen Tiefland von Andrew Margetts
Bei Ausgrabungen innerhalb von ‘The Hayworth’, einer frühen Einfriedung des ‘verlorenen’ Landguts von Trubwick (West Sussex), fand man Überreste eines Gehöfts aus dem 11.-13. Jahrhundert. Historische, landschaftliche und toponymische Belege lieferten den Kontext zu diesem archäologischen Fund. Es ist anzunehmen, dass das Gehöft wie auch Hayworth selbst einst Teile eines spezialisierten Viehzucht- oder Melkereibetriebes bildeten. Diese Stätte ist der umfassendste Melkereikomplex, der jemals bei Ausgrabungen freigelegt wurde, und der erste Beleg für eine solche Anlage in der Wealden-Region in Südostengland.
Die Entdeckung hat erheblichen Einfluss auf unser aktuelles Verständnis der Ökonomie und Umwelt in der Wealden-Region des Mittelalters sowie auch der Siedlungsstrukturen. Es gibt Belege dafür, dass Verbindungen von dieser Stätte zu den Traditionen der angelsächsischen Weidewirtschaft und Transhumanz bestehen. Ausgehend von diesem Fund beleuchtet der Artikel den Übergang von einem saisonalen Weideland zu einem dauerhaft als Sondereigentum bewirtschafteten Landgut des 12. Jahrhunderts. Es wird ebenfalls eingegangen auf die wahrscheinliche Beschaffenheit des Melkereikomplexes sowie das Potenzial für den Bestand solcher spezialisierten Viehzucht- und Milchbetriebe.
Riassunto
The Hayworth: il sito di un allevamento bovino di pianura nell’Inghilterra sudorientale di Andrew Margetts
Durante gli scavi in una parte di un antico terreno cintato, ‘The Hayworth’, appartenente al maniero ‘perduto’ di Trubwick, nel West Sussex, vennero alla luce i resti di una fattoria dell’XI-XIII secolo. Allo scopo di contestualizzare l’attività archeologica si sono utilizzate testimonianze storiche, paesaggistiche e toponomastiche. Sembra probabile che il sito emerso dagli scavi e il terreno cintato di Hayworth si riferiscano più generalmente a un allevamento specializzato in bovini. Il sito rappresenta il più ampio allevamento bovino finora conosciuto venuto interamente alla luce nel corso di scavi, e il primo esempio riconoscibile proveniente dal distretto del Wealden nell’Inghilterra sudorientale.
La scoperta ha importanti implicazioni per quanto riguarda la nostra comprensione dell’economia e dell’ambiente del Wealden medievale, oltre che per gli schemi evolutivi degli stanziamenti. Dalla documentazione emerge che questo sito può essere collegato alle tradizioni anglosassoni dei pascoli aperti e della transumanza. In questo articolo si esamina la documentazione emergente da questo sito riguardo alla transizione da un pascolo stagionale a un allevamento permanente nel XII secolo nei terreni di una tenuta di proprietà individuale. Viene stabilita la probabile forma di un complesso destinato all’allevamento bovino e si esplora il potenziale per l’esistenza di questi ranch e fattorie per la produzione del latte.
Acknowledgements
Archaeology South-East would like to thank Crest Nicholson South Limited who commissioned the work, Luke Barber and Dr Rob Scaife for their help with specialist assessment, John Mills (West Sussex County Council) for his guidance throughout the project and Heather Warne for supplying a copy of the history of ‘Hayworth and Trobewyk’. The Archaeology South-East excavations were directed by Andrew Margetts, the fieldwork was managed by Neil Griffin, with editing and post-excavation work managed by Louise Rayner and Dan Swift. The publication figures were created by Fiona Griffin and the reconstruction drawings are by the author. Thanks are due to David Martin for his comments on the reconstructions and to Professor Stephen Rippon (University of Exeter) for his comments on an early draft of this paper. The author would also like to thank the anonymous referees whose observations he has sought to address, as well as all the archaeologists who worked on the excavations (especially Liz Chambers and Cameron Ross). The archive is currently housed with Archaeology South-East awaiting deposition at a suitable local repository. This work was supported by University College London [grant number 4695].
Notes
2 This work was undertaken by Archaeology South-East (UCL Institute of Archaeology), on behalf of their client Crest Nicholson (South) Ltd, as a condition of planning in advance of a residential development linked to the new ‘Bolnore Village’ close to Haywards Heath, West Sussex.
3 Taken from a dispute with the Barony of Lewes over common rights: BL ADD.MS.5684.
6 This article draws together the combined findings of a desk-based assessment (Worrall and Griffin Citation2004), an evaluation, watching brief and targeted excavation (Margetts Citation2010), and a post-excavation assessment (Margetts Citation2011). Archaeology South-East undertook the fieldwork between October and November 2010 (evaluation), and between January and March 2011 (excavation).
53 BGS Sheet 302: Horsham.
74 WSRO LYTTON/MSS/472; ESRO SAS-N/217.
138 CCA-DCc-ChAnt/M/244A.
Salzman, L F (ed) 1940, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Vol 7, London: Oxford University Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Worrall, S and Griffin, N 2004, An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Walkover Survey of Land at Hayward’s Heath, West Sussex, Archaeol South-East, Project 1876. Margetts, A 2010, An Archaeological Evaluation at The Bolnore Village Development, Phase 4, Archaeol South-East Rep No 2010207-2138. Margetts, A 2011, Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design Report, The Bolnore Village Development, Phase 4, Bolnore, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, Archaeol South-East Rep No 2011178. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Smith, A H 1956a, English Place-Name Elements: Part 1, The Elements A-IW, Maps, English Place-Name Soc 25. Roberts, B K and Wrathmell, S 2000, An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England, London: English Heritage. Rippon, S 2008, Beyond the Medieval Village: The Diversification of Landscape Character in Southern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Biddick, K 1989, The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate, Berkeley: University of California Press. Fox, H 2012, Dartmoor’s Alluring Uplands: Transhumance and Pastoral Management in the Middle Ages, Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Smith, A H 1956a, English Place-Name Elements: Part 1, The Elements A-IW, Maps, English Place-Name Soc 25. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Banham, D and Faith, R 2014, Anglo-Saxon Farms and Farming, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Winchester, A J L 2000, The Harvest of the Hills: Rural Life in Northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400–1700, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Winchester, A J L 2010, ‘Vaccaries and agistment: upland medieval forests as grazing grounds’, in J Langton and G Jones (eds), Forests and Chases of Medieval England and Wales c 1000–c1500, Oxford: St John’s College, 109–24. Atkin, M A 1985, ‘Some settlement patterns in Lancashire’, in D Hooke (ed), Medieval Villages: Review of Current Work, Oxford: Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 5, 171–86. Fox, H 2012, Dartmoor’s Alluring Uplands: Transhumance and Pastoral Management in the Middle Ages, Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Biddick, K 1989, The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate, Berkeley: University of California Press. Winchester, A J L 2010, ‘Vaccaries and agistment: upland medieval forests as grazing grounds’, in J Langton and G Jones (eds), Forests and Chases of Medieval England and Wales c 1000–c1500, Oxford: St John’s College, 109–24. Winchester, A J L 2000, The Harvest of the Hills: Rural Life in Northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400–1700, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Newman, C 2006, ‘Medieval period resource assessment’, in M Brennand (ed), The Archaeology of North West England: An Archaeological Research Framework for the North West Region, Counc Brit Archaeol North West, 115–43. Winchester, A J L 2003, ‘Demesne livestock farming in the Lake District: the vaccary at Gatesgarth, Buttermere, in the later thirteenth century’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc 3, 109–18. Atkin, M A 1993, ‘Sillfield Preston Patrick: a double-oval type of field pattern’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc 93, 145–53. Atkin, M A 1985, ‘Some settlement patterns in Lancashire’, in D Hooke (ed), Medieval Villages: Review of Current Work, Oxford: Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 5, 171–86. Atkin, M A 1993, ‘Sillfield Preston Patrick: a double-oval type of field pattern’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc 93, 145–53. Newman, C 2006, ‘Medieval period resource assessment’, in M Brennand (ed), The Archaeology of North West England: An Archaeological Research Framework for the North West Region, Counc Brit Archaeol North West, 115–43. Atkin, M A 1985, ‘Some settlement patterns in Lancashire’, in D Hooke (ed), Medieval Villages: Review of Current Work, Oxford: Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 5, 171–86. Winchester, A J L 2010, ‘Vaccaries and agistment: upland medieval forests as grazing grounds’, in J Langton and G Jones (eds), Forests and Chases of Medieval England and Wales c 1000–c1500, Oxford: St John’s College, 109–24. Belloc, H 1909, On Everything, London: Methuen. Holgate, R 2003, ‘Late glacial and post-glacial hunter-gatherers in Sussex’, in D Rudling (ed), Archaeology of Sussex to ad 2000, King’s Lynn: Heritage Marketing and Publications, 29–38. Roberts, B K and Wrathmell, S 2000, An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England, London: English Heritage. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Brandon, P 2003, The Kent and Sussex Weald, Chichester: Phillimore. Chatwin, D and Gardiner, M 2005, ‘Rethinking the early medieval settlement of woodlands: evidence from the western Sussex Weald’, Landscape Hist 27, 31–49. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Brandon, P 2003, The Kent and Sussex Weald, Chichester: Phillimore. Smith, A H 1956a, English Place-Name Elements: Part 1, The Elements A-IW, Maps, English Place-Name Soc 25. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Mawer, A and Stenton F M (eds) 1929, The Place-Names of Sussex: Part 1, Nottingham: English Place-Name Soc 6. Smith, A H 1956a, English Place-Name Elements: Part 1, The Elements A-IW, Maps, English Place-Name Soc 25. Dodgson, J 1978, ‘Place-names in Sussex: the material for a new look’, in P Brandon (ed), The South Saxons, Chichester: Phillimore, 54–88. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Witney, K P 1976, The Jutish Forest: A Study of the Weald of Kent from 450 ad to 1380 ad, London: Athlone Press. Brandon, P 2003, The Kent and Sussex Weald, Chichester: Phillimore. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Brandon, P and Short, B 1990, The South East from ad 1000, London: Longman. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Mawer, A and Stenton F M (eds) 1929, The Place-Names of Sussex: Part 1, Nottingham: English Place-Name Soc 6. Hodges, R 1982, Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade ad 600–1000, London: Duckworth. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Rippon, S 2000, The Transformation of Coastal Wetlands, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Mawer, A and Stenton F M (eds) 1929, The Place-Names of Sussex: Part 1, Nottingham: English Place-Name Soc 6. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Glover, J 1975, The Place Names of Sussex, London: B T Batsford. Smith, A H 1956a, English Place-Name Elements: Part 1, The Elements A-IW, Maps, English Place-Name Soc 25. Hooke, D 1989, ‘Pre Conquest woodland: its distribution and usage’, Agr Hist Rev 37, 113–129. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Faith, R 2006, ‘Worthys and enclosures’, Medieval Set Res Group Annu Rep 21, 9–14. Roberts, B K and Wrathmell, S 2002, Region and Place: A Study of English Rural Settlement, London: English Heritage. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Gelling, M and Cole, A 2000, The Landscape of Place-names, Stamford: Shaun Tyas. Mawer, A and Stenton F M (eds) 1929, The Place-Names of Sussex: Part 1, Nottingham: English Place-Name Soc 6. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Salzman, L F (ed) 1940, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Vol 7, London: Oxford University Press. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Cooper, A 2000, ‘The king’s four highways: legal fiction meets fictional law’, J Medieval Hist 26:4, 351–70. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Chatwin, D and Gardiner, M 2005, ‘Rethinking the early medieval settlement of woodlands: evidence from the western Sussex Weald’, Landscape Hist 27, 31–49. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Salzman, L F (ed) 1940, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Vol 7, London: Oxford University Press. English, J 1997, ‘A possible early Wealden settlement type’, Medieval Set Res Group Annu Rep 12, 5–6. Chatwin, D and Gardiner, M 2005, ‘Rethinking the early medieval settlement of woodlands: evidence from the western Sussex Weald’, Landscape Hist 27, 31–49. Salzman, L F (ed) 1933, The Chartulary of the Priory of St Pancras of Lewes: Part 1, Sussex Rec Soc 38. Cowgill, J, de Neergaard, M and Griffiths, N 1987, Knives and Scabbards, Medieval finds from excavations in London 1, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. Brandon, P 1988, ‘South-eastern England’, in H E Hallam (ed), The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Vol II, 1042–1350, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 312–25. Salzman, L F (ed) 1940, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Vol 7, London: Oxford University Press. Taylor, A J (ed) 1940, Records of the Barony and Honour of the Rape of Lewes, Sussex Rec Soc 44. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Witney, K P 1976, The Jutish Forest: A Study of the Weald of Kent from 450 ad to 1380 ad, London: Athlone Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Fox, H 2000, ‘The wolds before 1500’, in J Thirsk (ed), The English Rural Landscape, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 50–61. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Witney, K P 1976, The Jutish Forest: A Study of the Weald of Kent from 450 ad to 1380 ad, London: Athlone Press. Mawer, A and Stenton F M (eds) 1929, The Place-Names of Sussex: Part 1, Nottingham: English Place-Name Soc 6. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Smith, A H 1956b, English Place-Name Elements: Part 2, The Elements JAFN-YTRI, Index and Maps, English Place-Name Soc 26. Coates, R 1999, ‘Place-names before 1066’, in K Leslie and B Short (eds), An Historical Atlas of Sussex, Chichester: Phillimore, 32–3. Faith, R 2006, ‘Worthys and enclosures’, Medieval Set Res Group Annu Rep 21, 9–14. Rippon, S 2002, ‘Infield and outfield: the early stages of marshland colonisation and the evolution of medieval field systems’, in T Lane and J Coles (eds), Through Wet and Dry: Essays in Honour of David Hall, Sleaford and Exeter: Lincolnshire Archaeol Heritage Rep Ser 5, WARP Occas Pap 17, 54–70. Costen, M D 2011, Anglo-Saxon Somerset, Oxford: Oxbow. Rippon, S 2000, The Transformation of Coastal Wetlands, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. English Heritage 2006a, Historic Farmsteads, Preliminary Character Assessment: South East Region, Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage and the Countryside Agency. Brandon, P 1974, The Sussex Landscape, London: Hodder and Stoughton. Dyer, C 1986, ‘English peasant buildings in the later Middle Ages (1200–1500)’, Medieval Archaeol 30, 19–45. Tebbutt, C F 1981, ‘A deserted medieval farm settlement at Faulkner’s Farm, Hartfield’, Sussex Archaeol Coll 119, 107–16. Barford, P M 1990, ‘Briquetage finds from inland sites’, in A J Fawn, K A Evans and I McMaster et al, The Red Hills of Essex: Salt Making in Antiquity, Colchester: Colchester Archaeol Gr Annu Rep 30, 79–80. Bridbury, A R 1955, England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Rippon, S 2000, The Transformation of Coastal Wetlands, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fox, H 2000, ‘The wolds before 1500’, in J Thirsk (ed), The English Rural Landscape, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 50–61. Watts, G 2003, ‘Identifying drove roads in Southern England’, Hampshire F Club Archaeol Soc 40, 18–9. Dyer, C 1995, ‘Sheepcotes: evidence for medieval sheepfarming’, Medieval Archaeol 39, 136–64. English Heritage 2006b, Historic Farmsteads, Preliminary Character Assessment: North East Region, Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage and the Countryside Agency. Dyer, C 1995, ‘Sheepcotes: evidence for medieval sheepfarming’, Medieval Archaeol 39, 136–64. English Heritage 2006a, Historic Farmsteads, Preliminary Character Assessment: South East Region, Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage and the Countryside Agency. Lewis, E, Roberts E V and Roberts, K 1988, Medieval Hall Houses of the Winchester Area, Winchester: Winchester City Museum. English Heritage 2006a, Historic Farmsteads, Preliminary Character Assessment: South East Region, Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage and the Countryside Agency. Pelham, R A 1934, ‘The distribution of sheep in Sussex in the early fourteenth century’, Sussex Archaeol Coll 75, 130–36. Gardiner, M 1999, ‘The medieval rural economy and landscape’, in K Leslie and B Short (eds), An Historical Atlas of Sussex, Chichester: Phillimore, 38–39. Ditchfield, P H and Page, W (eds) 1906, The Victoria County History of Berkshire, Vol 1, London: Archibald Constable. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Margetts, A in prep, The Wandering Herd: The Medieval Cattle Economy of the South-East, c 450–1450, (unpubl PhD, University of Exeter). Winchester, A J L 2003, ‘Demesne livestock farming in the Lake District: the vaccary at Gatesgarth, Buttermere, in the later thirteenth century’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc 3, 109–18. Winchester, A J L 2003, ‘Demesne livestock farming in the Lake District: the vaccary at Gatesgarth, Buttermere, in the later thirteenth century’, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc 3, 109–18. Winchester, A J L 2010, ‘Vaccaries and agistment: upland medieval forests as grazing grounds’, in J Langton and G Jones (eds), Forests and Chases of Medieval England and Wales c 1000–c1500, Oxford: St John’s College, 109–24. Atkin, M A 1985, ‘Some settlement patterns in Lancashire’, in D Hooke (ed), Medieval Villages: Review of Current Work, Oxford: Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 5, 171–86. Baildon, W P (ed) 1906, Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield, Vol II, 1297 to 1309, Yorkshire Archaeol Soc Rec Ser 36. Ford, W K and Gabe, A C 1981, The Metropolis of Mid-Sussex: A History of Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: Charles Clark. Hudson, T P (ed) 1987, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Volume 6, part 3, London: Oxford University Press. Penn, R 1984, Portrait of Ashdown Forest, London: Robert Hale. Salzman, L F (ed) 1940, A History of the County of Sussex: Victoria County History Vol 7, London: Oxford University Press. Warne, H 2009, “Hayworthe” and “Trobewyk”: An Assessment of the Early History of Hayworth and Trubwick in Haywards Heath, Haywards Heath: S Meier. Lamond, E (ed) 1890, Walter of Henley’s Husbandry, London: Longmans Green. Holt, N R (ed) 1964, The Pipe Roll of the Bishop of Winchester 1210–11, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Hey, D 1996, The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Holt, N R (ed) 1964, The Pipe Roll of the Bishop of Winchester 1210–11, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Holt, N R (ed) 1964, The Pipe Roll of the Bishop of Winchester 1210–11, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Oosthuizen, S 2011, ‘Archaeology, common rights, and the origins of Anglo-Saxon identity’, Early Medieval Europe, 19:2, 153–181. Oosthuizen, S 2013, Tradition and Transformation in Anglo-Saxon England: Archaeology, Common Rights and Landscape, London: Bloomsbury Academic. Hanson, L and Wickham, C (eds) 2000, The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, Leiden: Brill. Rippon, S 2008, Beyond the Medieval Village: The Diversification of Landscape Character in Southern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Everitt, A 1986, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement, Leicester: Leicester University Press. Dyer, C 1986, ‘English peasant buildings in the later Middle Ages (1200–1500)’, Medieval Archaeol 30, 19–45. Faith, R and Fleming, A 2012, ‘The Walkhampton enclosure (Devon)’, Landscape Hist 33:2, 5–28.