An Insular Reliquary from Melhus: The Significance of Insular Ecclesiastical Material in Early Viking-Age Norway
Aina Heen-PettersenDepartment of Historical Studies, Faculty of Humanities, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, No-7491Trondheim, Norway. [email protected]
THIS PAPER presents and discusses a unique insular reliquary shrine discovered in an early 9th-century woman’s grave at Melhus, central Norway, over a century ago. In addition to a detailed re-evaluation of the shrine and its use in its original ecclesiastical context, the paper also proposes an alternative interpretation as to how the local pagan population may have conceptualised this Christian object after it arrived in Norse hands. While most of the insular ecclesiastical items in Scandinavia were broken up and transformed into personal ornaments, the Melhus shrine was kept complete, suggesting it was considered to be of special value. It is argued here that this status should be seen in association with the shrine’s involvement in local narratives and ritual aspects connected with the earliest voyages across the North Sea. The woman with whom the reliquary was buried may have played a central role in these rituals.
Résumé
Un reliquaire insulaire de Melhus et la signification du matériel ecclésiastique insulaire en Norvège, au début de l'Âge des Vikingspar Aina Heen-Pettersen et Griffin Murray
Une châsse reliquaire insulaire unique en son genre a été découverte il y a plus d'un siècle, dans la tombe d'une femme datée du début du 9e siècle, à Melhus, dans le centre de la Norvège. Ce papier réexamine en détail cette châsse et son utilisation dans son contexte ecclésiastique d'origine. Nous proposons également une autre interprétation de la manière dont une population païenne locale aurait pu conceptualiser cet objet chrétien, une fois arrivé entre des mains scandinaves. Si les articles ecclésiastiques insulaires en Scandinavie étaient pour la plupart mis en pièces et transformés en ornements individuels, la châsse de Melhus est restée intacte, ce qui suggère qu'on lui conférait une valeur particulière. Nous avançons ici que l'importance de la châsse découle de la place qu'elle occupait au sein des récits locaux et des pratiques rituelles liés aux premières traversées de la mer du Nord. Il est possible que la femme occupant la tombe dans laquelle se trouvait la châsse ait joué un rôle central dans ces rituels.
Zusammenfassung
Ein Inselreliquiar aus Melhus und die Bedeutung von auf Inseln gefundenen kirchlichen Gegenständen im Norwegen des frühen Wikingerzeitaltersvon Aina Heen-Pettersen und Griffin Murray
Vor über einem Jahrhundert wurde im Grab einer Frau aus dem frühen 9. Jahrhundert in Melhus in Zentralnorwegen ein einzigartiger Insel-Reliquienschrein entdeckt. Der vorliegende Artikel bietet eine detaillierte Neubewertung dieses Schreins und seiner Verwendung in seinem ursprünglichen kirchlichen Kontext. Wir schlagen auch eine alternative Interpretation dafür vor, wie eine lokale heidnische Bevölkerung diesen christlichen Gegenstand vielleicht konzeptualisiert hat, nachdem er in den Händen der Wikinger hier angekommen war. Während die meisten auf Inseln befindlichen kirchlichen Gegenstände in Skandinavien zerlegt und zu persönlichen Schmuckgegenständen umgeformt wurden, hat man den Melhus-Schrein vollständig gelassen, was darauf hindeutet, dass man ihn für besonders wertvoll hielt. Hier wird argumentiert, dass die Bedeutung des Schreins sich aus seinem Platz in lokalen Erzählungen und rituellen Praktiken ableitet, die mit den frühesten Reisen über die Nordsee zusammenhängen. Die Frau, mit der dieser Schrein begraben wurde, hat vielleicht bei diesen Ritualen eine zentrale Rolle gespielt.
Riassunto
Un reliquiario insulare da Melhus e il significato degli oggetti ecclesiastici di arte insulare nella Norvegia del primo periodo vichingodi Aina Heen-Pettersen e Griffin Murray
Una teca reliquiario insulare unica nel suo genere fu rinvenuta più di un secolo fa a Melhus, nella Norvegia centrale, in una tomba femminile dell’inizio del IX secolo. Questo studio offre una completa rivalutazione della teca e dell’uso cui era destinata nel suo contesto ecclesiastico originario. Proponiamo inoltre un’interpretazione alternativa sul come la popolazione pagana locale possa avere concettualizzato questo oggetto cristiano una volta giunto in mani norvegesi. Mentre la maggior parte degli oggetti ecclesiastici di arte insulare in Scandinavia venivano smontati e trasformati in ornamenti personali, la teca di Melhus venne conservata intatta, facendo pensare che le si attribuiva un valore speciale. Qui si sostiene che l’importanza della teca derivava da resoconti locali e da pratiche rituali collegate ai primi viaggi attraverso il Mare del Nord. La donna con la quale fu sepolto il reliquiario potrebbe avere avuto un ruolo centrale in queste pratiche.
Acknowledgements
We are most grateful to the two anonymous referees for their constructive and useful feedback. We also wish to thank the following people at the University Museum in Trondheim: Jon Anders Risvaag for access to the artefacts from the Norse graves at Melhus and Setnes; Åge Hojem for the new photography for this paper, and Ellen Randerz for her XRF analysis of the Melhus shrine. Thanks to Anne Pedersen in the National Museum Denmark for access to the ‘Copehagen’ shrine and to Judith Jesch for her advice on its runic inscription. Finally, thanks to Maeve Sikora in the National Museum of Ireland for access to material there.
Notes
3 Housed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum: T08144. Here and after T denotes a museum acquisition number for the Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum.
4 Blindheim Citation1984. The term house-shaped is retained here because it is a long-established and recognisable term, even if it is likely to be a misnomer. The term tomb-shaped is preferred by some authors and for an argument in its favour see Ó Floinn Citation2013, 209.
5 Including the Melhus shrine: Ó Floinn Citation2015, 291.
38 Ibid. Upon discovery, the terminal was found detached from the shrine and was originally re-attached upside-down—evident in early photographs (Petersen Citation1907, 7, no 2, pl II, fig ). Its orientation has since been corrected (Blindheim Citation1984, fig 39).
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