Abstract
SUMMARY: This article advocates a holistic approach to consumption studies in the urban centres of the Middle Danube region during the Ottoman period (16th–17th centuries) using the example of Iznik ware from the Belgrade Fortress. Combined results of archaeological and scientific research provide insight into regional consumption patterns, which is important for the understanding of cultural variability across the Ottoman Empire. This work emphasizes the importance of contextualized studies of archaeological ceramics in the development of post-medieval archaeology.
Резиме
У овом раду се разматра холистички приступ конзумацији у градским центрима средњег Подунавља током османског периода (16. и 17. век) на примеру керамике из Изника документоване на Београдској тврђави. Упоредна анализа резултата археолошких и археометријских истраживања пружа увид у обрасце регионалне конзумације, важне за разумевање културних разлика на простору Османског царства. Рад истиче неопходност контекстуалног изучавања археолошке керамике у циљу даљег развијања пост-средњовековне археологије.
RÉSUMÉ
Cet article préconise une approche holistique des études de la consommation dans les centres urbains de la région du Danube moyen au cours de la période Ottomane (XVI–XVIIe siècles) en utilisant l’exemple des céramiques Iznik de la Forteresse de Belgrade. Les résultats croisés des recherches archéologique et scientifique fournissent un aperçu des modèles de consommation régionaux, essentiel à la compréhension de la diversité culturelle dans l’Empire ottoman. Ce travail souligne l’importance des études contextualisées des céramiques archéologiques dans le développement de l’archéologie post-médiévale.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Dieser Artikel befürwortet eine ganzheitliche Annäherung für die Konsumstudien der Stadtzentren im mittleren Donauraum, mit Beispielen der Iznik Ware aus der Belgrader Festung während der Ottomanischen Periode (16–17. Jh.). Kombinierte Resultate von archäologischer und wissenschaftlicher Forschung erlauben Einsicht in regionale Konsum-Verhaltensmuster; wichtig für das Verständnis kultureller Verschiedenheiten im Ottomanischen Reich. Dieser Artikel bestätigt die Wichtigkeit von Kontext-bezogenen Studien archäologischer Keramik in der Entwicklung der nachmittelalterlichen Archäologie.
RIASSUNTO
Questo articolo propone un approccio olistico allo studio dei consumi nelle aree urbane della regione del Danubio centrale durante il periodo ottomano (XVI–XVII secolo), considerando come esempio la ceramica di Iznik rinvenuta nella fortezza di Belgrado. I risultati congiunti della ricerca archeologica e scientifica forniscono dati sul quadro del consumo a livello regionale, e sono importanti indicatori per comprendere le differenze culturali all’interno dell’Impero Ottomano. Questo lavoro pone l’accento sull’importanza di studiare la ceramica di provenienza archeologica nel suo contesto, seguendo i più recenti sviluppi dell’archeologia post-medievale.
RESUMEN
Este artículo aboga por un enfoque holístico de los estudios de consumo en los centros urbanos de la región media del Danubio durante el período otomano (siglos XVI–XVII), utilizando como ejemplo el caso de la cerámica Iznik encontrada en la fortaleza de Belgrado. Combinando los resultados arqueológicos con los científicos, se ha podido observar la existencia de diversos modelos de consumo regionales, a través de los cuales se puede entender la variabilidad cultural existente a lo largo y ancho del Imperio Otomano. Este trabajo subraya la importancia que tiene la realización de estudios contextualizados de cerámica dentro de la arqueología post-medieval.
Acknowledgements
All analyses were undertaken in the Archaeological Materials Science Laboratories of UCL Qatar. We are grateful to Philip Connolly for technical support. We would like to express our gratitude to Mrs Shrouk Abdelgafar for proofreading this text.
Notes
The site archive including the finds has been deposited at Institute of Archaeology, at the department for Belgrade Fortress
Carroll, L. 1999, ‘Could’ve been a contender: the making and breaking of “China” in the Ottoman Empire’, Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 3:3, 177–790. Carroll, L. 2002, ‘Toward an archaeology of non-elite consumption in Late Ottoman Anatolia’, in Baram & Carroll 2010, 161–77. Petersen, A. 2013, ‘Historical archaeology of the Ottoman Empire’, in Smith 2013, 5653–64. Quataert, D. (ed.) 2000b, Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire 1550–1922, New York: State University of New York Press. Vroom, J. 2007, ‘Kütahya between the lines: post-medieval ceramics as historical information’, Hesperia Suppl. 40, 71–93. Walker, B. 2009a, ‘Identifying the Late Islamic period ceramically’, in Walker 2009b, 37–65. Popović, M. & Bikić, V. 2004, Kompleks srednjevekovne mitropolije u Beogradu, Istraživanja u Donjem gradu Beogradske tvrđave, Belgrade: Arheološki Institut. Guštin, M., Bikić, V. & Mileusnić, Z. 2008, Ottoman Times: the Story of Stari Bar, Montenegro, Ljubljana: Zalozba Annales. Ostapchuk, V. & Bilyayeva, S. 2009, ‘The Ottoman northern Black Sea frontier at Akkerman fortress: the view from a historical and archaeological project’, in Peacock 2009, 137–70. Baram, U. & Carroll, L. (eds) 2002, A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Cluwer Academic. Walker, B. 2013, ‘Ottoman archaeology: localizing the imperial’, in Smith 2013, 5642–53. Quataert, D. 2000a, ‘Introduction’, in Quataert 2000b, 1–15. Atasoy, N. & Raby, J. 1989, Iznik: the Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandria Press. Atasoy, N. & Raby, J. 1989, Iznik: the Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandria Press. Carswell, J. 1998, Iznik Pottery, London: The British Museum Press. Lane, A. 1957, Later Islamic Pottery: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, London: Faber & Faber. Henderson, J. & Raby, J. 1989, ‘The technology of fifteenth-century Turkish tiles: an interim statement on the origins of the Iznik industry’, World Archaeol. 21:1, 115–32. Henderson, J. 1989, ‘Iznik ceramics: a technical examination’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 65–71. Henderson, J. & Raby, J. 1989, ‘The technology of fifteenth-century Turkish tiles: an interim statement on the origins of the Iznik industry’, World Archaeol. 21:1, 115–32. Paynter, S. et al. 2004, ‘The production technology of Iznik pottery: a reassessment’, Archaeometry 46:3, 421–37. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Tite, M.S. et al. 2016, ‘New data on the soda flux used in the production of Iznik glazes and Byzantine glasses’, Archaeometry 58:1, 57–67. Carroll, L. 1999, ‘Could’ve been a contender: the making and breaking of “China” in the Ottoman Empire’, Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 3:3, 177–790. Vroom, J. 2007, ‘Kütahya between the lines: post-medieval ceramics as historical information’, Hesperia Suppl. 40, 71–93. Kovács, G. 2005, ‘Iznik pottery in Hungarian archaeological research’, in Gerelyes 2005, 69–86. Holl, I. 2005, Fundkomplexe des 15–17. Jahrhunderts aus dem Burgpalast von Buda, Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 17. Balla, M. 2005, ‘Beyond style: a provenance study of Iznik pottery by means of NAA’, in Gerelyes 2005, 63–8. Gerelyes, I. 2008, ‘Types of Oriental pottery in archaeological finds from the 16th and 17th centuries in Hungary’, Acta Orient. Acad. Sci. Hungar: 61:1/2, 65–76. Paynter, S. et al. 2004, ‘The production technology of Iznik pottery: a reassessment’, Archaeometry 46:3, 421–37. Henderson, J. 1989, ‘Iznik ceramics: a technical examination’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 65–71. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Šabanović, H. 1964, Turski izvori za istoriju Beograda, knjiga prva, Belgrade: Istorijski Arhiv. Šabanović, H. 1970, ‘Urbani razvitak Beograda od 1521. do 1688’, Godišnjak grada Beograda 17, 9–42. Šabanović, H. 1970, ‘Urbani razvitak Beograda od 1521. do 1688’, Godišnjak grada Beograda 17, 9–42. Tričković, R. 1992, ‘Beograd pod turskom vlašću 1521–1804. Godine’, Zbornik za orijentalne studije 1, 93–137. Popović, M. 2006, Beogradska tvrdjava, Belgrade: Javno preduzeće ‘Beogradska tvrdjava’. Popović, M. 2006, Beogradska tvrdjava, Belgrade: Javno preduzeće ‘Beogradska tvrdjava’. Šabanović, H. 1970, ‘Urbani razvitak Beograda od 1521. do 1688’, Godišnjak grada Beograda 17, 9–42. Šabanović, H. 1970, ‘Urbani razvitak Beograda od 1521. do 1688’, Godišnjak grada Beograda 17, 9–42. Dağlı, Y., Kahraman, S.A. & Sezgin, İ. (eds) 2001, Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi. Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi Bağdat 307 Numaralı Yazmanın Transkripsiyonu – Dizini 5, Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Popović, M. 2006, Beogradska tvrdjava, Belgrade: Javno preduzeće ‘Beogradska tvrdjava’. Popović, M. 2006, Beogradska tvrdjava, Belgrade: Javno preduzeće ‘Beogradska tvrdjava’. Popović, M. & Bikić, V. 2004, Kompleks srednjevekovne mitropolije u Beogradu, Istraživanja u Donjem gradu Beogradske tvrđave, Belgrade: Arheološki Institut. Popović, M. & Bikić, V. 2004, Kompleks srednjevekovne mitropolije u Beogradu, Istraživanja u Donjem gradu Beogradske tvrđave, Belgrade: Arheološki Institut. Bikić, V. 2007, ‘The early Turkish stratum on the Belgrade Fortress’, Byzas 7, 515–22. Bikić, V. 2007, ‘The early Turkish stratum on the Belgrade Fortress’, Byzas 7, 515–22. Bikić, V. 2003, Gradska keramika Beograda 16–17 vek, Belgrade: Archaeological Institute. Popović, M. 2006, Beogradska tvrdjava, Belgrade: Javno preduzeće ‘Beogradska tvrdjava’. Bikić, V. 2003, Gradska keramika Beograda 16–17 vek, Belgrade: Archaeological Institute. Atasoy, N. & Raby, J. 1989, Iznik: the Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandria Press. Carswell, J. 1998, Iznik Pottery, London: The British Museum Press. Atasoy, N. & Raby, J. 1989, Iznik: the Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandria Press. Bajalović-Hadži-Pešić, M. 1984, ‘Nalazi turske keramike iz Iznika u Srbiji’, in Han 1984, 311–29. Carswell, J. 1998, Iznik Pottery, London: The British Museum Press. Kovács, G. 2005, ‘Iznik pottery in Hungarian archaeological research’, in Gerelyes 2005, 69–86. Milošević, B. & Topić, N. 2010, ‘Dubrovački nalazi keramike iz Iznika’, Starohrvatska prosvijeta 3:37, 147–70. Atasoy, N. 1989, ‘The types and forms of Iznik pottery’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 37–47. Bikić, V. 2003, Gradska keramika Beograda 16–17 vek, Belgrade: Archaeological Institute. Henderson, J. 1989, ‘Iznik ceramics: a technical examination’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 65–71. Paynter, S. et al. 2004, ‘The production technology of Iznik pottery: a reassessment’, Archaeometry 46:3, 421–37. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Brill, R.H. 1999, Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses, Volume 2, New York: Corning Museum of Glass. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Paynter, S. et al. 2004, ‘The production technology of Iznik pottery: a reassessment’, Archaeometry 46:3, 421–37. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Bikić, V. 2003, Gradska keramika Beograda 16–17 vek, Belgrade: Archaeological Institute. Bikić, V. 2007, ‘The early Turkish stratum on the Belgrade Fortress’, Byzas 7, 515–22. Kovács, G. 2005, ‘Iznik pottery in Hungarian archaeological research’, in Gerelyes 2005, 69–86. Ayers, J. 1984, ‘Chinese porcelain of the sultans in Istanbul’, Trans. Orient. Ceram. Soc. 47, 77–104. Carroll, L. 1999, ‘Could’ve been a contender: the making and breaking of “China” in the Ottoman Empire’, Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 3:3, 177–790. Čubrilović, V. 1974, Istorija Beograda 1, Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. Inalcik, H. 1994, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume I: 1300–1600, Cambridge: University Press. Veselinović, R. 1984, ‘Razvitak zanatlijsko-trgovačkog sloja srpskog društva pod stranom vlašću u XVII i XVIII veku’, in Han 1984, 97–139. Bajalović-Hadži-Pešić, M. 1984, ‘Nalazi turske keramike iz Iznika u Srbiji’, in Han 1984, 311–29. Bikić, V. 2006, ‘Venetian influences in the eastern Adriatic hinterland’, in Guštin, Gelichi & Spindler 2006, 201–10. Carroll, L. 2002, ‘Toward an archaeology of non-elite consumption in Late Ottoman Anatolia’, in Baram & Carroll 2010, 161–77. Kovács, G. 2005, ‘Iznik pottery in Hungarian archaeological research’, in Gerelyes 2005, 69–86. Radić, M. 2015, Osijek and Surrounding Area in the Ottoman Period Exhibition Catalogue, Osijek: Muzej Slavonije. Milošević, B. & Topić, N. 2010, ‘Dubrovački nalazi keramike iz Iznika’, Starohrvatska prosvijeta 3:37, 147–70. Bikić, V. 2012, ‘The Haban pottery from the Belgrade Fortress: archaeological contexts, chronology, decorative designs’, Starinar 62, 205–27. Carroll, L. 2002, ‘Toward an archaeology of non-elite consumption in Late Ottoman Anatolia’, in Baram & Carroll 2010, 161–77. Gerelyes, I. (ed.) 2005, Turkish Flowers: Studies on Ottoman Art in Hungary, Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. Henderson, J. 1989, ‘Iznik ceramics: a technical examination’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 65–71. Henderson, J. & Raby, J. 1989, ‘The technology of fifteenth-century Turkish tiles: an interim statement on the origins of the Iznik industry’, World Archaeol. 21:1, 115–32. Paynter, S. et al. 2004, ‘The production technology of Iznik pottery: a reassessment’, Archaeometry 46:3, 421–37. Tite, M. 1989, ‘Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production’, Archaeometry 31:2, 115–32. Tite, M.S. et al. 2016, ‘New data on the soda flux used in the production of Iznik glazes and Byzantine glasses’, Archaeometry 58:1, 57–67. Raby, J. 1989, ‘The making of an Iznik pot’, in Atasoy & Raby 1989, 50–66. Carroll, L. 1999, ‘Could’ve been a contender: the making and breaking of “China” in the Ottoman Empire’, Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 3:3, 177–790. Atasoy, N. & Raby, J. 1989, Iznik: the Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandria Press.