U.S.–Uzbek partnership and democratic reforms

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Notes

I wish to thank Elena Mogilevski for her tireless contribution to researching this paper.

U.S. Department of State, Uzbekistan, International Religious Freedom Report (Washington, DC, 2001). The Mufti puts the number slightly higher at 2,000 mosques. He also claims that 800 pilgrims from Uzbekistan go to Mecca annually, a marked difference from only two persons per year. See “The Islamic Renaissance of Uzbekistan,” The Muslim, Nos 1/2, 1999, ⟨www.jahon.mfa.uz/Z_P_News/muslim.html⟩. For a very informative assessment of the early years of independence see William Fierman, “Policy toward Islam in Uzbekistan in the Gorbachev Era,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1994, pp. 225–246.

Mikhail Gerasimov, “Religioznyi narkotrafik,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 3 November 1999; International Crisis Group, Central Asia: Islamist Mobilization and Regional Security (Osh and Brussels, 2001), p. vi.

Viktoria Panfilova, “Grazhdane yaponii obreli svobodu,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 26 October 1999.

Armen Khanbaian and Mikhail Khodarenok, “Pered geostrategicheskoi razvilkoi. Tashkent vinuzhden lavirovat' mezhdu Rossiei i zapodom,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 15 April 2002.

Olivier Roy, “Qibla and the Government House: The Islamic Networks,” SAIS Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2001, p. 61.

See for example Roy, “Qibla and the Government House.”

“Peacekeeping Mandate Extended in Tajikistan amid Deadlock in Negotiations and Rise in Tension,” Brightstar Bulletin, February 1996, ⟨http://www.hartford‐hwp.com/archives/53/032.html⟩.

Lena Jonson, “Russian Policy and Tajikistan,” Central Asia, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1997, ⟨www.ca‐c.org/dataeng/st_03_jonson.shtml⟩.

RFE/RL Newsline, 7 April 1999.

RFE/RL Newsline, 3 and 11 February 1999.

GUUAM's official webpage is available on ⟨www.guuam.org⟩.

The Yalta Charter was signed on 7 June 2001 in Yalta and is available online: ⟨www.ukrainaemb.lv/guuam.htm⟩.

“GUUAM Teriaet Bukvu. Uzbekistan perekhodit na Storonu Ameriki,” Kommersant, 15 June 2002, pp. 1 and 4.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit, Special Press Summary, ⟨www.vic‐info.org/RegionsTop.nsf/b0a93faa9a7b902f8a25682c000e4eff/cc286854507a32300a256bd10081a475?OpenDocument⟩.

Robert Kaiser, “Uzbek–US Declaration Kept Secret,” Washington Post, 1 July 2001, p. A11.

⟨http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig‐cntr.htm⟩.

For a useful account of Uzbekistan's military cooperation with the United States see Kenley Butler, “U.S. Military Cooperation with the Central Asian States,” ⟨cns.miis.edu/research/wtc01/uscamil.htm⟩.

In addition to the ruling People's Democratic Party, there are four psudo‐opposition parties that proclaim loyalty to President Islam Karimov: Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party, Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish), Fatherland Progress Party, and Self‐Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic Party.

See, for example, statement by Acacia Shields from Human Rights Watch to the U.S. Congressional Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, 7 September 2000, ⟨http://www.house.gov/international_relations/hr/irf00shi.htm⟩.

Zbigniew Brzezinski, “A Geostrategy for Eurasia,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5, 1997, pp. 50–65; Fredrick S. Starr, “Making Eurasia Stable,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 1, 1996, pp. 80–92.

“Uzbekistan, USA Sign Documents on Emergency Situations,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 1 February 2001, ⟨http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200102/0000.html⟩.

“Uzbek President Meets US State Department Delegation,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 24 April 2001, ⟨http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200104/0034.html⟩.

“Uzbek Human Rights violations due to Instability, Transition—Rights Chief,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 18 April 2001, ⟨http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200104/0028.html⟩; the actual U.N. document may be found on the official UNHCR site: ⟨www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/NewsRoom?OpenFrameSet⟩.

“Uzbek Delegation Discusses Human Rights Issues with EU,” RFE/RL NewsLine, 24 January 2001, ⟨www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/240101.asp⟩; ⟨www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200101/0026.html⟩.

Robert Kaiser, “US Ties Inspire Uzbek Reform Promises,” Washington Post, 1 July 2002, p. A11.

Human Rights Watch, World Report 2002: Uzbekistan, 22 May 2002, ⟨www.hrw.org/wr2k2/europe22.html⟩.

“Uzbekistan: Dissident in Psychiatric Detention Soviet‐Era Tactic Revived in Campaign against Human Rights Activists,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 12 April 2001, ⟨www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200104/0023.html⟩.

President Karimov's address was broadcast on Uzbek television first channel on 22 January 2000. See “Uzbek president addresses parliament,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 24 January 2000, ⟨www.EuasiaNet.org⟩.

Hurriyat, 10 March 2000, p. 2.

Narodnoye Slovo, 27 February 2002, pp. 1–2.

“Uzbekistan Moves toward Abolishing Press Censorship,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 10 May 2002.

Uzbek National News Agency, 3 July 2002, ⟨www.uza.uz⟩.

“International Committee Calls on Uzbekistan to Stop Media Restriction,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 21 June 2002, ⟨www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/news/0010.shtml⟩.

“Continued Absence of Media Freedom in Uzbekistan Criticized,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 21 June 2002, ⟨www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/news/0007.shtml⟩.

For a penetrating critique of the new U.S. agenda in relation to Central Asia see Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal, “New Friends, New Fears in Central Asia,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 2, 2002, pp. 61–70.

See for example Strategic Assessment of Central Asia, p. 100.

“Uzbek Head Hails Independence, Urges Vigilance in New Year Message,” Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 2 January 2001, ⟨www.eurasianet.org/resource/uzbekistan/hypermail/200101/0000.html⟩.

RFE/RL Newsline, 17 April 2000.

International Crisis Group, Central Asia, p. vi.