Interfaith Experiences and Their Relationship with Heterosexual Collegians’ Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework.

Table 1. Items and measurement estimates for relational context variables.

Conceptual Model Position	Factor Variables and Items
Supportive	Space for Support and Spiritual Expression (α = 0.81)
	This campus is a safe place for me to express my worldview.
	Faculty and staff on my campus accommodate my needs with regard to celebrating religious holidays and other important religious observances.
	There is a place on this campus where I can express my personal worldview.
	My classes are safe places for me to express my worldview.
Discriminatory	Insensitivity on Campus (α = 0.85)
	On this campus, how often have you heard/read insensitive comments about your worldview from friends or peers.
	On this campus, how often have you heard/read insensitive comments about your worldview from faculty.
	On this campus, how often have you heard/read insensitive comments about your worldview from campus staff or administrators.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you been mistreated on campus because of your worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt that people on campus used their religious worldview to justify treating you in a discriminatory manner on the basis of your gender identity.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt that people on campus used their religious worldview to justify treating you in a discriminatory manner on the basis of your sexual orientation.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt that people on campus used their religious worldview to justify treating you in a discriminatory manner on the basis of your race or ethnicity.
Coercive	Coercion on Campus (α = 0.86)
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt pressured by others on campus to change your worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt pressured to listen to others’ perspectives when you didn’t want to hear about them.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt pressured to keep your worldview to yourself.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt pressured to separate your academic experience from your personal worldview.
Unproductive	Negative Interworldview Engagement (α = 0.86)
	Regarding your interactions with people whose worldviews differ from yours, how often have you felt silenced from sharing your own experiences with prejudice and discrimination.
	Regarding your interactions with people whose worldviews differ from yours, how often have you had guarded, cautious interactions.
	Regarding your interactions with people whose worldviews differ from yours, how often have you had tense, somewhat hostile interactions.
	Regarding your interactions with people whose worldviews differ from yours, how often have you had hurtful, unresolved interactions.
Provocative	Provocative Experiences with Worldview Diversity (α = 0.86)
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you had class discussions that challenged you to rethink your assumptions about another worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you felt challenged to rethink your assumptions about another worldview after someone explained their worldview to you.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you had a discussion with someone of another worldview that had a positive influence on your perceptions of that worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you heard critical comments from others about your worldview that made you question your worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you had a discussion with someone that made you feel like you did not know enough about your own worldview.
	While you have been enrolled at your college or university, how often have you had a discussion with someone from your own worldview with whom you disagreed.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics (N = 5,897).

Variable	Min.	Max.	M	SD
Gender
Female	0.00	1.00	0.695	0.461
Male	0.00	1.00	0.304	0.460
Another gender identity	0.00	1.00	0.001	0.034
Race/Ethnicity
White	0.00	1.00	0.627	0.483
Student of color	0.00	1.00	0.373	0.483
Worldview
Atheism	0.00	1.00	0.072	0.259
Buddhism	0.00	1.00	0.015	0.122
Catholicism	0.00	1.00	0.224	0.417
Evangelical Christianity	0.00	1.00	0.181	0.385
Hinduism	0.00	1.00	0.013	0.114
Judaism	0.00	1.00	0.023	0.150
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Mormonism	0.00	1.00	0.043	0.204
Islam	0.00	1.00	0.023	0.151
Mainline Protestantism	0.00	1.00	0.116	0.320
Another majority worldview	0.00	1.00	0.035	0.184
Another minority worldview	0.00	1.00	0.029	0.169
Another non-religious worldview	0.00	1.00	0.183	0.387
Another worldview	0.00	1.00	0.041	0.198
Political leaning	1.00	5.00	3.23	0.962
Influence of Religious Beliefs/Faiths on Worldview
No influence on worldview	0.00	1.00	0.483	0.500
Third-most influence on worldview	0.00	1.00	0.119	0.323
Second-most influence on worldview	0.00	1.00	0.153	0.360
Most influence on worldview	0.00	1.00	0.246	0.430
Entering appreciative attitudes toward LGB people	4.00	20.00	15.364	3.589
Disciplinary Context—Planned Academic Major
Arts and humanities	0.00	1.00	0.100	0.299
Business administration	0.00	1.00	0.075	0.264
Health professions	0.00	1.00	0.116	0.320
Science, engineering, or math	0.00	1.00	0.322	0.467
Social science or education	0.00	1.00	0.163	0.369
Undecided	0.00	1.00	0.224	0.417
Institutional Context—Campus Culture
Appreciative attitudes toward LGB people campus culture	−2.24	5.52	0.00	1.00
Institutional Context—Institution Religious Affiliation
Catholic	0.00	1.00	0.116	0.321
Evangelical Christian	0.00	1.00	0.116	0.321
Mainline Protestant	0.00	1.00	0.248	0.434
Private nonsectarian	0.00	1.00	0.256	0.438
Public	0.00	1.00	0.264	0.443
Institutional Context—Geographic Region
Far West	0.00	1.00	0.074	0.263
Great Lakes	0.00	1.00	0.207	0.407
Mideast	0.00	1.00	0.207	0.407
New England	0.00	1.00	0.050	0.218
Plains	0.00	1.00	0.116	0.321
Rocky Mountain	0.00	1.00	0.041	0.200
Southeast	0.00	1.00	0.248	0.434
Southwest	0.00	1.00	0.050	0.218
Outlying areas	0.00	1.00	0.008	0.091
Relational Context
At least one close friend who is of a different sexual orientation	0.00	1.00	0.649	0.477
Space for Support and Spiritual Expression (Supportive)	4.00	20.00	16.553	2.931
Insensitivity on Campus (Discriminatory)	7.00	35.00	10.874	4.126
Coercion on Campus (Coercive)	4.00	20.00	8.323	3.931
Negative Interworldview Engagement (Unproductive)	4.00	20.00	7.199	3.254
Provocative Encounters with Worldview Diversity (Provocative)	6.00	50.00	16.431	5.116
Formal Academic Behaviors
No activities	0.00	1.00	0.210	0.407
At least one activity	0.00	1.00	0.134	0.341
Two or more activities	0.00	1.00	0.656	0.475
Informal Academic Behaviors
No activities	0.00	1.00	0.478	0.500
At least one activity	0.00	1.00	0.264	0.441
Two or more activities	0.00	1.00	0.258	0.438
Formal Social Behaviors
No activities	0.00	1.00	0.178	0.382
At least one activity	0.00	1.00	0.201	0.401
Two or more activities	0.00	1.00	0.621	0.485
Informal Social Behaviors
No activities	0.00	1.00	0.057	0.231
At least one activity	0.00	1.00	0.053	0.223
Two or more activities	0.00	1.00	0.891	0.312
Appreciative attitudes toward LGB people at end of first year	4.00	20.00	16.397	3.323

Table 3. Results for hierarchical linear models for attitudes toward LGB people.

	Block 1			Block 2			Block 3			Block 4
	B	SE	Sig.	B	SE	Sig.	B	SE	Sig.	B	SE	Sig.
Gender
Female	0.162	0.099		0.167	0.098		0.166	0.094		0.163	0.094
Male	0.027	0.099		0.033	0.098		0.033	0.095		0.037	0.094
Another gender identity	−0.189	0.196		−0.200	0.195		−0.199	0.187		−0.200	0.187
Students of Color	−0.078	0.023	**	−0.060	0.023	*	−0.025	0.023		−0.026	0.023
Worldview
Atheism	−0.017	0.040		−0.013	0.040		0.007	0.039		0.008	0.039
Buddhism	−0.226	0.078	**	−0.212	0.077	**	−0.174	0.075	*	−0.168	0.074	*
Catholicism	0.066	0.026	*	0.051	0.026		0.023	0.025		0.026	0.025
Evangelical Christianity	−0.064	0.030	*	−0.053	0.030		−0.053	0.029		−0.053	0.029
Hinduism	0.220	0.084	**	0.190	0.083	*	0.182	0.080	*	0.171	0.080	*
Judaism	0.064	0.064		0.073	0.064		0.091	0.062		0.090	0.062
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Mormonism	0.071	0.053		0.060	0.053		0.018	0.051		0.011	0.051
Islam	−0.015	0.064		−0.014	0.064		−0.032	0.061		−0.039	0.061
Mainline Protestantism	−0.010	0.032		−0.006	0.032		−0.016	0.031		−0.017	0.031
Another majority worldview	−0.003	0.052		0.012	0.052		−0.006	0.050		−0.007	0.050
Another minority worldview	0.070	0.057		0.059	0.056		0.077	0.054		0.082	0.054
Another non-religious worldview	−0.032	0.029		−0.032	0.028		−0.041	0.027		−0.037	0.027
Another worldview	−0.124	0.049	*	−0.115	0.049	*	−0.076	0.047		−0.068	0.047
Political leaning	0.051	0.013	***	0.055	0.013	***	0.030	0.012	*	0.029	0.012	*
Influence of Religious Beliefs/Faiths on Worldview
Third-most influence on worldview	0.049	0.035		0.042	0.035		0.022	0.034		0.017	0.034
Second-most influence on worldview	0.000	0.034		−0.002	0.034		−0.027	0.033		−0.033	0.032
Most influence on worldview	0.003	0.033		−0.005	0.033		−0.031	0.032		−0.041	0.032
Entering appreciative attitudes toward LGB people	0.620	0.012	***	0.625	0.012	***	0.573	0.012	***	0.571	0.012	***
Disciplinary Context—Planned Academic Major
Arts and humanities	−0.029	0.029		−0.032	0.029		−0.044	0.028		−0.043	0.028
Business administration	−0.093	0.033	**	−0.098	0.032	**	−0.086	0.031	**	−0.083	0.031	**
Health professions	0.024	0.027		0.011	0.027		0.018	0.026		0.018	0.026
Science, engineering, or math	0.038	0.020		0.050	0.019	**	0.049	0.019	**	0.046	0.019	*
Social science or education	0.042	0.024		0.049	0.024	*	0.047	0.023	*	0.050	0.023	*
Undecided	0.017	0.021		0.019	0.021		0.016	0.020		0.013	0.020
Institutional Context—Campus Culture
Appreciative attitudes toward LGB people campus culture				0.182	0.021	***	0.167	0.021	***	0.169	0.021	***
Institutional Context—Institution Religious Affiliation
Catholic				0.031	0.031		−0.001	0.030		−0.009	0.030
Evangelical Christian				−0.120	0.037	**	−0.134	0.036	***	−0.130	0.036	***
Mainline Protestant				0.045	0.024		0.039	0.023		0.038	0.023
Private nonsectarian				0.049	0.024	*	0.065	0.023	**	0.063	0.023	**
Public				−0.005	0.020		0.031	0.020		0.038	0.020
Institutional Context—Geographic Region
Far West				0.028	0.051		0.036	0.049		0.033	0.049
Great Lakes				0.051	0.050		0.077	0.048		0.076	0.048
Mideast				0.050	0.049		0.061	0.047		0.060	0.047
New England				0.046	0.070		0.017	0.067		0.017	0.067
Plains				−0.001	0.058		0.004	0.056		0.003	0.056
Rocky Mountain				0.029	0.059		0.089	0.057		0.093	0.057
Southeast				−0.012	0.049		−0.003	0.047		−0.003	0.047
Southwest				0.035	0.057		0.005	0.055		−0.001	0.054
Outlying areas				−0.226	0.345		−0.288	0.332		−0.278	0.332
Relational Context
At least one close friend who is of a different sexual orientation							0.149	0.021	***	0.131	0.022	***
Space for Support and Spiritual Expression (Supportive)							0.154	0.011	***	0.147	0.012	***
Insensitivity on Campus (Discriminatory)							−0.039	0.013	**	−0.032	0.013	*
Coercion on Campus (Coercive)							−0.028	0.014	*	−0.036	0.014	**
Negative Interworldview Engagement (Unproductive)							−0.016	0.015		−0.018	0.015
Provocative Encounters with Worldview Diversity (Provocative)							0.077	0.011	***	0.070	0.012	***
Formal Academic Behaviors
At least one activity										0.019	0.035
Two or more activities										−0.020	0.029
Informal Academic Behaviors
At least one activity										−0.013	0.025
Two or more activities										0.025	0.028
Formal Social Behaviors
At least one activity										0.058	0.033
Two or more activities										0.087	0.030	**
Informal Social Behaviors
At least one activity										0.075	0.059
Two or more activities										0.139	0.045	**
Variance Explained		0.415			0.427			0.469			0.472