Ploidy variation and karyotype analysis in Hemerocallis spp. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) and implications on daylily breeding

Figures & data

Table 1 Chromosome number and ploidy level of daylily cultivars (Hemerocallis spp.). Accessions collected from natural populations are in bold.

Origin	Diploids (2n= 2x= 22)	Triploids (2n= 3x= 33)	Tetraploids (2n= 4x= 44)
United States	Stella in Red, Catherine Woodbury, Serenity Morgan, Mini Stella, Siloam Double Classic, Big Time Happy, Precious D'oro, Stella de Oro, Elizabeth Salter, Entrapment, Double Firecracker, Pardon Me, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, Final Touch, Anzac, Big Smile, Longfields Maxim, Condilla, Hyperion, Happy Returns, White Temptation, Double Red Royal, Frosted Vintage Ruffles, On and On, Siloam Paul Watts, Rosy Returns, Welchkins, Forty Second Street, Doubleicious, Eenie Fanfare, Roswitha, Stella in Yella, Barbara Mitchell, Little Business, Janice Brown, Gentle Shepherd, Stella in Purple, Christmas Is, Crimson Pirate, Pawn of Prophecy, Joan Senior, Living in Amsterdam, Frans Hals, Double Cutie, Yellow Submarine, Little Grapette	Chicago Apache, Spacecoast Gator Eye, Spacecoast Starburst, Crystal Pinot, Daring Deception, Strawberry Fields Forever, Moonlit Masquerade	Night Embers, Green Mystique, Candy Lipstick, Black Stockings, Bela Lugosi, Wineberry Candy, Eleonore, Belly Button, Julie Newmar, Canadian Border Patrol, Moses Fire, Fire and Fog, Fooled Me, Chocolate Candy, Diane Taylor, Elegant Candy, Malachite Prism, Strawberry Candy, Over the Top, Wild Horses, Jerry Pate Williams, Longfields Twins, Veins of Truth, Custard Candy, Martina Verhaert, Mauna Loa, Spacecoast Scrambled, Sweet Sugar Candy
New Zealand	Enon, NZ-4, NZH, NZK, NZM, NZO, NZQ, NZS, NZW	NZD, NZI1	Moroccan Summer, NZA, NZB, NZC, NZE, NZF, NZG, NZI2, NZJ, NZL, NZN, NZP, NZR, NZT, NZU, NZV, NZX, NZY, NZZ
China	Zezhou No.2, Yangcheng No.2, Qinshui No.1, Zuoquan No.1, Pingding No.1, Wutai No.1, Guanglin No.1, Guanglin No.2, Taiyuan No.2, Licheng No.2, Licheng No.5, Licheng No.6, Licheng No.7, Licheng No.8, Jiaocheng No.2, Jiaocheng No.3, Sweet Beauty, Sweet Treasure, Butter Curls, Stella de Oro, Purple Centre No.1, Yellow Xiuke, Fensedahua	Zezhou No.1, Yangcheng No.1, Lishan No.1, Wutai No.1, Taigu No.1, Taiyuan No.1, Licheng No.1, Licheng No.3, Licheng No.4, Jiaocheng No.1, Jiaocheng No.4, Jiaocheng No.5, Jiaocheng No.6	Baltimore Oriole

Table 2 Daylily genotypes used for karyotype analysis.

Material	Chromosome number and ploidy	Flower colour	Origin
Zuoquan No.1	2n = 2x = 22	Yellow	Zuoquan County, Shanxi Province, China
Lishan No.1	2n = 3x = 33	Dark orange	Lishan Natural Conservation, Shanxi, China
Diane Taylor	2n = 4x = 44	Dark red	United States
White Temptation	2n = 2x = 22	White	United States
Strawberry Fields Forever	2n = 3x = 33	Multi-colour	United States
NZ-D	2n = 3x = 33	Light red	New Zealand
NZ-Q	2n = 2x = 22	Multi-colour	New Zealand
NZ-Y	2n = 4x = 44	Dark orange	New Zealand

Table 3 Comparison of known ploidy and detected ploidy of Hemerocallis spp. from the United States.

Cultivar name	Known ploidy	Detected ploidy
Night Embers	4x	4x
Green Mystique	4x	4x
Black Stockings	4x	4x
Bela Lugosi	4x	4x
Serenity Morgan	4x	4x
Wineberry Candy	4x	4x
Eleonore	4x	4x
Chicago Apache	4x	3x
Spacecoast Gator Eye	4x	3x
Elizabeth Salter	4x	2x
Belly Button	4x	4x
Wild Horses	4x	4x
Jerry Pate Williams	4x	4x
Veins of Truth	4x	4x
Custard Candy	4x	4x
Strawberry Fields Forever	4x	3x
Canadian Border Patrol	4x	4x
Fire and Fog	4x	4x
Spacecoast Starburst	4x	3x
Crystal Pinot	4x	3x
Longfields Maxim	4x	2x
Fooled Me	4x	4x
Chocolate Candy	4x	4x
Diane Taylor	4x	4x
Daring Deception	4x	3x
Strawberry Candy	4x	4x
Over the Top	4x	4x
Mauna Loa	4x	4x
Spacecoast Scrambled	4x	4x
Moonlit Masquerade	4x	3x
Sweet Sugar Candy	4x	4x

Table 4 Karyometric data of the some daylily genotypes (Hemerocallis spp.).

Accession	Karyotype formula	Range of relative length	Constitution of relative length	Lc/Sc	Range of arm ratio	AAR	PCA (%)	As.K (%)	Types
White Temptation	6m + 14sm + 2st	5.49–13.79	4L + 2M2 + 12M1 + 4S	2.17	1.54–3.17	2.12	45.45	66.27	2B
NZ-Q	10m + 10sm + 2st	6.33–12.66	4L + 4M2 + 10M1 + 4S	2.00	1.45–3.83	2.15	54.55	66.14	3B
Zuoquan No.1	10m + 12sm	6.35–14.55	4L + 2M2 + 12M1 + 4S	2.29	1.29–2.21	1.67	18.18	61.64	2B
Lishan No.1	24m + 9sm	6.09–12.64	3L + 15M2 + 12M1 + 3S	2.07	1.15–2.78	1.62	18.18	60.26	2B
Strawberry Fields Forever	18m + 15sm	6.35–13.74	6L + 6M2 + 18M1 + 3S	2.16	1.39–2.41	1.75	27.27	63.37	2B
NZ-D	12m + 15sm + 6st	6.91–13.38	6L + 3M2 + 24M1	1.94	1.23–4.17	2.40	63.64	66.33	3A
Diane Taylor	36m + 4sm + 4st	5.90–14.34	8L + 8M2 + 20M1 + 8S	2.43	1.14–∞	1.46	18.18	61.22	2B
NZ-Y	24m + 20sm	6.53–14.44	8L + 32M1 + 4S	2.21	1.20–2.24	1.82	45.45	62.92	2B

AAR, average arm ratio; PCA, percentage of chromosome with ratio > 2; As.K, index of karyotype asymmetry; Lc, longest chromosome; Sc, shortest chromosome.

Figure 2 Major plant characters measured in daylily genotypes at different ploidy levels. A, leaf length, crown diameter, plant height; B, flower stem thickness, leaf width.