Effects of postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment on aromatic volatile biosynthesis by ‘Nanguoli’ fruit at different harvest maturity stages

Figures & data

Table 1. Quality parameters in ‘Nanguoli’ fruit treated with methyl jasmonate.

	E-0^§	E-1	E-5	N-0	N-1	N-5
Soluble sugars (SS)	14.41 ± 3.24^£	12.99 ± 3.37	11.67 ± 0.87	14.41 ± 1.18	14.10 ± 1.61	12.70 ± 1.53
Titratable acid (TA)	0.87 ± 0.07	0.78 ± 0.04	0.72 ± 0.03	0.80 ± 0.03	0.82 ± 0.03	0.89 ± 0.08
SS/TA	16.39	16.71	16.13	17.93	17.15	14.22

^§E and N represent the early and normal harvested fruit, respectively. The numbers after the letters E and N represent the concentrations of methyl jasmonate (mM).

^£All values are the means ± SD of three replicates.

Table 2. Aromatic volatile content (ng g^–1) of ‘Nanguoli’ fruit treated with methyl jasmonate at different maturity stages.

Compound	E-0^§	E-1	E-5	N-0	N-1	N-5
Esters
Ethyl acetate	554.8 ± 23.4^£	636.6 ± 94.1	587.2 ± 101.5	454.7 ± 86.2	383.6 ± 54.6	455.1 ± 105.3
Ethyl propanoate	29.3 ± 4.9	9.3 ± 8.8	19.8 ± 14.0	–	9.3 ± 11.4	11.8 ± 3.5
Methyl butanoate	–^Σ	–	–	–	24.92 ± 12.9	23.98 ± 4.3
2-methyl ethyl propanoate	–	–	–	–	5.49 ± 1.0	2.43 ± 1.8
2-methyl methyl butanoate	–	–	–	–	0.75 ± 0.3	0.89 ± 0.8
Ethyl butanoate	345.8 ± 5.7	310.5 ± 77.5	310.0 ± 38.7	149.0 ± 29.2	371.8 ± 60.7	277.8 ± 156.9
Ethyl 2-butenoate	18.8 ± 0.7	10.7 ± 0.5	12.1 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 2.5	14.4 ± 1.8	12.4 ± 4.4
Ethyl pentanoate	–	–	–	–	7.9 ± 2.8	11.2 ± 3.2
Pentyl acetate	–	–	–	–	3.9 ± 1.4	–
Methyl hexanoate	0.4 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 3.2	6.0 ± 1.7	–	69.0 ± 9.3	88.7 ± 80.3
3-hydroxy ethyl butanoate	1.1 ± 1.1	–	–	–	2.5 ± 1.8	1.0 ± 0.6
2-methyl ethyl 2-butenoate	–	–	–	3.2 ± 2.0	3.7 ± 2.8	2.9 ± 0.8
Methyl 2-hexenoate	–	–	–	–	–	0.6 ± 0.9
Ethyl hexanoate	189.2 ± 7.3	192.0 ± 39.6	194.3 ± 37.5	244.2 ± 86.2	631.6 ± 104.5	791.5 ± 518.3
Hexyl acetate	7.6 ± 0.9	5.7 ± 1.3	9.2 ± 3.8	5.9 ± 2.4	155.4 ± 80.9	152.6 ± 104.9
(Z)Hexen-2-ol acetate	–	–	1.3 ± 1.1	3.0 ± 1.8	–	–
Methyl 3-(methylthio) propanoate	–	–	–	0.4 ± 0.4	–	1.6 ± 1.4
Ethyl 2-hexenoate	2.9 ± 0.9	2.8 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 2.0	2.6 ± 1.3	12.7 ± 6.9	15.5 ± 7.3
Propanedioic acid, diethyl ester	–	0.9 ± 0.6	–	–	–	1.0 ± 0.5
Methyl3-(methylthio)-(E)-2-propenoate	–	–	–	–	–	5.1 ± 4.1
Ethyl 3-(methylthio) propanoate	–	–	–	–	20.6 ± 16.4	50.3 ± 22.9
Ethyl heptanoate	–	4.3 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 1.5	6.0 ± 2.5	–	–
Heptyl acetate	–	–	–	–	2.3 ± 1.0	4.7 ± 0.8
Methyl octanoate	0.1 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.3	–	0.7 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 1.4	0.4 ± 0.7
3-hydroxy ethyl hexanoate	9.5 ± 3.6	5.5 ± 1.5	7.7 ± 3.3	0.4 ± 0.4	32.7 ± 10.1	49.1 ± 11.8
Phenylmethyl acetate	–	6.6 ± 3.2	–	12.3 ± 3.1	6.7 ± 0.1	6.5 ± 1.4
Methyl (E)-2-octenoate	–	–	–	–	–	3.1 ± 0.8
Methyl benzeneacetate	–	–	–	1.4 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.4	–
Ethyl 3-(methylthio)-(Z)-2-propenoate	0.6 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.02	–	11.1 ± 3.6	19.7 ± 12.1
Diethyl butanedioate	0.9 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.03	1.2 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 1.1	4.1 ± 4.3
Ethyl (Z)-4-octenoate	1.1 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 2.0	1.6 ± 2.0	2.4 ± 0.9
Hexyl butanoate	–	–	9.7 ± 8.4	–	–	–
Ethyl octanoate	16.5 ± 5.2	27.4 ± 3.7	10.7 ± 4.7	36.4 ± 14.6	31.4 ± 12.7	24.4 ± 11.3
Octyl acetate	–	–	–	–	–	2.6 ± 1.0
Ethyl benzeneacetate	24.2 ± 9.1	11.2 ± 2.4	25.9 ± 10.0	62.0 ± 13.1	71.5 ± 13.1	44.5 ± 21.3
2-phenylethyl acetate	10.6 ± 0.8	10.1 ± 0.7	10.7 ± 1.3	17.5 ± 6.8	13.5 ± 8.9	11.3 ± 10.0
Methyl 4-decenoate	29.9 ± 5.0	23.4 ± 1.2	38.0 ± 16.8	24.9 ± 7.5	161.7 ± 68.1	70.6 ± 24.1
Ethyl (Z)-4-decenoate	–	–	–	0.9 ± 0.9	0.5 ± 0.6	0.3 ± 0.2
3-hexylene hexanoate	3.5 ± 0.6	4.3 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 2.6	54.6 ± 28.4	8.0 ± 5.0	6.7 ± 4.0
Hexyl hexanoate	–	–	–	–	–	0.7 ± 0.6
Methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate	3.1 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 0.4	11.2 ± 2.2	24.1 ± 13.1	43.4 ± 32.6	32.6 ± 20.4
Ethyl decanoate	4.2 ± 1.1	4.6 ± 0.9	4.1 ± 0.9	10.3 ± 5.7	–	–
Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate	169.7 ± 9.7	171.7 ± 17.0	182.1 ± 14.8	533.4 ± 232.1	241.9 ± 58.8	292.2 ± 123.5
Diethyl succinate	1.9 ± 1.9	–	–	–	–	–
Ethyl myristate	–	–	–	1.0 ± 1.1	–	–
Ethyl palmitate	–	0.7 ± 0.1	–	–	–	–
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester	3.0 ± 1.2	2.2 ± 0.6	3.6 ± 1.7	1.8 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.4
Subtotal	(56.31%)^ω 1428.6^a,^λ	(52.46%) 1452.2^a	(51.90%) 1456.0^a	(62.07%) 1661.0^a	(57.12%) 2350.3^a	(55.63%) 2483.3^a
Aldehydes
Hexanal	77.6 ± 22.5	66.7 ± 9.8	42.5 ± 11.2	142.4 ± 32.5	128.8 ± 23.6	175.9 ± 56.8
2-hexenal	156.6 ± 34.7	180.6 ± 33.9	187.0 ± 28.4	211.7 ± 58.9	576.1 ± 222.3	690.1 ± 101.2
Benzaldehyde	–	–	0.2 ± 0.1	–	–	–
Benzeneacetaldehyde	–	0.3 ± 0.1		–	–	–
Nonanal	8.7 ± 2.7	5.2 ± 2.1	18.6 ± 5.6	40.3 ± 23.1	62.2 ± 11.2	52.6 ± 23.4
2,6-nonadienal,(E,Z)	–	–	1.2 ± 0.3	–	–	–
(E)2-nonenal	–	–	2.9 ± 0.7	–	–	–
Decanal	1.8 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.7	4.1 ± 1.1	10.9 ± 3.5	7.9 ± 2.1	7.8 ± 0.9
Subtotal	(9.64%) 244.6^b	(9.19%) 254.5^b	(9.14%) 256.4^b	(15.15%) 405.3^b	(18.84%) 775.1^a	(20.75%) 926.4^a
Alcohols
Ethanol	229.0 ± 21.3	239.9 ± 32.6	285.2 ± 45.7	232.6 ± 45.6	306.0 ± 67.8	350.9 ± 78.0
(E)2-hexen-1-ol	–	4.6 ± 1.2	9.3 ± 2.8	4.9 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 2.4	9.1 ± 2.1
1-hexanol	135.3 ± 11.2	142.5 ± 22.8	153.8 ± 46.7	197.1 ± 30.7	100.2 ± 23.4	81.4 ± 22.3
6-methyl- 5-hepten-2-ol	26.4 ± 11.8	19.8 ± 8.1	–	2.9 ± 0.4	–	–
Benzyl alcohol	–	0.3 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.9	–	–	–
1-octanol	5.0 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 1.3	–	–	–	–
Phenylethyl alcohol	15.4 ± 6.7	94.1 ± 40.1	29.5 ± 12.3	6.5 ± 0.3	8.8 ± 3.1	22.7 ± 6.5
Subtotal	(16.20%) 410.9^a	(18.20%) 503.8^a	(17.11%) 479.9^a	(16.59%) 444.0^a	(10.27%) 422.6^a	(10.40%) 464.1^a
Ketones
6-methyl 5-hepten-2-one	6.2 ± 2.1	5.4 ± 0.6	10.1 ± 2.1	8.3 ± 2.4	–	–
(E)6,10-dimethyl 5,9-undecadien-2-one	1.8 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.6	11.5 ± 4.8	5.1 ± 1.3	3.3 ± 1.1
Subtotal	8.0^a	5.8^a	12.5^a	19.8^a	5.1^a	3.3^a
Hydrocarbones
Tetradecane	0.3 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.3	–	–	–
(Z,E)-7,11-trimethyl 1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene	10.5 ± 4.5	4.40 ± 1.2	8.6 ± 4.3	1.5 ± 0.7	12.6 ± 3.2	11.1 ± 3.1
Pentadecane	–	0.2 ± 0.1	–	0.1 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 2.4
α.-farnesene	336.9 ± 98.7	294.8 ± 78.5	341.4 ± 75.3	112.8 ± 32.7	459.4 ± 122.9	365.1 ± 145.6
Hexadecane	–	–	–	–	–	12.3 ± 5.7
Heptadecane	0.3 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.2	–	7.2 ± 2.0	8.8 ± 3.0	13.4 ± 2.9
2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane	–	0.6 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.2	–	10.3 ± 2.1	10.8 ± 4.8
Octadecane	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 1.1	4.7 ± 0.7	7.6 ± 1.3
2,6,10,14-tetramethyl hexadecane	–	–	–	3.0 ± 0.5	5.4 ± 1.4	3.88 ± 1.2
Subtotal	(13.73%) 348.3^ab	(10.93%) 302.5^ab	(12.53%) 351.5^ab	(4.81%) 128.8^b	(12.22%) 502.0^a	(9.63%) 429.9^ab
Others
Benzyl nitrile	96.6 ± 56.7	245.2 ± 108.6	249.4 ± 101.2	2.2 ± 0.3	58.0 ± 15.7	155.6 ± 16.4
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol	–	4.4 ± 2.1	–	15.0 ± 5.5	1.4 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.7
Subtotal	(3.81%) 96.6^cd	(9.02%) 249.6^a	(8.89%) 249.4^ab	(0.65%) 17.2^d	(1.44%) 59.4^cd	(3.52%) 157.0^bc
Total	2537.1^b	2768.4^b	2805.6^b	2676.1^b	4114.4^a	4464.1^a

^§E and N represent the early and normal harvested fruit, respectively. The numbers after the letters E and N represent the concentrations of methyl jasmonate (mM).

^Σ–, represented but not detected.

^£All values are the means ± SD of three replicates.

^λMeans within a row that are followed by different lower-case letters are significantly different (Tukey’s test, p < .05). ^ωThese values represent the percentages of esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols or hydrocarbons in the total volatiles.

Figure 1. Ethylene production rate of ‘Nanguoli’ fruit treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) in the presence or absence of 1-MCP. Values are the means ± SD of three replicates.

Table 3. Aromatic volatile content of ‘Nanguoli’ fruit treated with I-MCP+ MJ at different maturity stages.

	1-methylcyclopropene + methyl jasmonate		Control (methyl jasmonate)
	Total aromatic volatile content (ng g^–1)	Number of aromatic compounds	Total aromatic volatile content (ng g^–1)	Number of aromatic compounds
E-0^§	1931.7 ± 162.2^£	26 ± 2	2537.1 ± 189.35	41 ± 2
E-1	1968.5 ± 127.1	27 ± 3	2768.4 ± 195.36	48 ± 3
E-5	1979.9 ± 169.8	29 ± 3	2805.6 ± 211.33	44 ± 3
N-0	2115.7 ± 158.35	28 ± 3	2676.1 ± 179.69	46 ± 2
N-1	2135.2 ± 130.47	30 ± 2	4114.4 ± 266.58	51 ± 3
N-5	2142.6 ± 177.26	29 ± 2	4464.1 ± 289.78	57 ± 3

^§E and N represent the early and normal harvested fruit, respectively. The numbers after the letters E and N represent the concentrations of methyl jasmonate (mM).

^£All values are the means ± SD of three replicates.