The motivation activation measure and media use in Singapore: cross-cultural stability

Figures & data

Table 1. Media genres and exemplars added to those from American media used by Potter et al. (2011).

Media genres	Exemplars^a
Television genre
Action	Hawaii Five0^a, City Hunter^a
Cable news nets	Channel News Asia^a
Crime dramas	Breaking Bad^b, Criminal Minds^b
Daytime talk-shows	Ellen DeGeneres Show^b, Dr. Oz Show^b, Waratte Iitomo^a
Game shows	Wipeout, Ninja Warrior, Sasuke Singapore, Kaun Banega Crorepati^a
Live sitcoms	Big Bang Theory^b, Two and a half Men^b, Phua Chu Kang^a, Police and Thief^a, Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai^a
Night time talk-shows	Jimmy Kimmel Live^b, The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon^b, Comedy Nights with Kapil^a, Koffee with Karan^a, Strong Heart^a, Happy Together^a
Prime-time drama	The Vampire Diaries^b, Game of Thrones^b, The Heirs^a
Reality competition	Bigg Boss, MTV Roadies, Masterchef, MTV Splitsvilla^a
Reality performance	Indian Idol, Comedy Circus, The X Factor, The Voice, Immortal Song^a
Soap-operas	Night Market Life, Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi^a
Sports programing	athletic games, football, basketball, tennis, cricket, etc.
True crime	Crime Watch^a
Variety shows	Running Man, 1 Night 2 Days^a
Audio genre
Classic rock	Wu Bai & China Blue^a
CPop/Mandpop	Jay Chou, S.H.E., Stefanie Sun^a
DJs	Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Hardwell, Kaskade^a
Jpop	Arashi, AKB48, SMAP^a
Kpop	Girls’ Generation, Super Junior, EXO, BIGBANG^a
Rap	JayZ^b, Machi^a, Tiger JK^a
Rhythmic/urban	Shota Shimizu^a
Soft rock	Mayday, Nell, Flumpool^a

Note: ^aExemplars from Asian media were added to those from American media used by Potter et al. (2011).

^bSeveral American programs currently popular in Singapore were also added.

Table 2. ASA and DSA descriptive statistics for the current study compared to previous studies.

	Current study		Initial MAM		miniMAM experiment 1		miniMAM experiment 2		miniMAM (Potter et al., 2011)
	ASA	DSA	ASA	DSA	ASA	DSA	ASA	DSA	ASA	DSA
Mean	2.45	3.39	2.29	3.78	2.38	4.08	2.52	4.11	2.24	4.01
Standard deviation	1.65	1.49	1.76	1.26	1.42	1.23	1.41	1.17	1.39	1.35
Minimum	−3.60	−1.21	−1.95	.08	−1.71	.29	−1.43	.71	−2.00	−4.43
Maximum	6.71	6.86	6.36	6.85	7.00	7.21	6.50	7.00	6.00	6.71
N	865		427		585		277		206

Note: MAM descriptive data provided by Lang and colleagues (2009, 2011) and Potter et al. (2011).

Table 3. Correlation between ASA and media use interest by medium genre/programing type.

Television Genre	Pearson’s r	Audio Genre	Pearson’s r	Videogame type	Pearson’s r
Action-adventure	.152**	Adult alternative	−.106**	Casual/Puzzle games	.051
Action TV	.138**	Alternative rock	.003	Classic games	.040
Adults-only programing	.111**	Christian contemporary	−.077*	Fight games	.068*
Animal shows	.074*	Classic rock	.005	MMOGs	−.046
Cable news	−.008	Classical music	−.019	Race games	.149**
Crime drama	.175**	Country music	.129**	Role-playing games	.012
Daytime talk-shows	.057	C-pop	.039	Simulation games	.040
Documentaries	.012	DJs	.114**	Sport games	.019
Dramas	.099**	Electro Dance	.016	Squadron games	.099**
Game shows	.088**	Jazz	−.039	Strategy games	.010
Home-shopping	.005	J-pop	−.060	War-games	.027
Horror movies	.132**	K-pop	.046
Information-shows	.082*	Rap	.008
Live sitcoms	.101**	Rhythm/Urban	.030
Local news	.063	Soft rock	.083*
Music videos	.043	Top 40	.183**
Nighttime talk-shows	.056
Popular dramas	.140**
Reality competition	.095**
Reality performance	.084*
Romantic comedies	.105**
Soap-operas	−.081*
Sports programming	.090**
Thrillers	.166**
True crime	.112**
Variety shows	.095**

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 4. Correlation between DSA and media use interest by medium genre/programing type.

Television genre	Pearson’s r	Audio Genre	Pearson’s r	Videogame type	Pearson’s r
Action-adventure	.102**	Adult alternative	−.142**	Casual/puzzle games	.131**
Action TV	.042	Alternative rock	−.045	Classic games	.033
Adults-only programming	−.123**	Christian contemporary	−.069*	Fight games	−.109**
Animal shows	.037	Classic rock	−.077*	MMOGs	−.096**
Cable news	−.028	Classical music	.037	Race games	.054
Crime drama	.059	Country music	.165**	Role-playing games	.037
Daytime talk-shows	.070*	C-pop	.106**	Simulation games	−.062
Documentaries	.014	DJs	−.064	Sport games	−.116**
Dramas	.128**	Electro dance	−.078*	Squadron games	−.081*
Game shows	−.030	Jazz	−.026	Strategy games	.008
Home-shopping	−.004	J-pop	−.012	War-games	−.103**
Horror movies	−.074*	K-pop	.045
Information-shows	−.027	Rap	−.054
Live sitcoms	.039	Rhythm/urban	−.009
Local news	.010	Soft rock	.079*
Music videos	.062	Top 40	.124**
Nighttime talk-shows	−.008
Popular dramas	.068*
Reality competition	.014
Reality performance	.056
Romantic comedies	.127**
Soap-operas	−.022
Sports programing	−.105**
Thrillers	−.001
True crime	.019
Variety shows	.010

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Potter, R. F., Lee, S., & Rubenking, B. E. (2011). Correlating a motivation-activation measure with media preference. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(3), 400–418. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2011.597468

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lang, A., Wang, Z., Kurita, S., Bradley, S. D., & Rubenking, B. (2009). Motivational activation measure (MAM): Technical manual and normative ratings. Bloomington, IN: Institute for Communication Research.

 Google Scholar

Lang, A., Kurita, S., Rubenking, B. R., & Potter, R. F. (2011). miniMAM: Validating a short version of the motivation activation measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 5(2), 146–162. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2011.568377

 Google Scholar