https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9732-4922
Figures & data
Figure 1. Evolution of parliamentarism in Europe, 1800–2019.
Figure 2. Prime Minister turnover and proportion of countries with de facto parliamentarism by year, 1800–2019.
Figure 3. Duration of parliaments as a proportion of constitutionally mandated term, decade averages, 1800–2019.
Figure 4. Degree of details about no confidence procedures in European constitutions, 1800–2019.
Figure 5. Proportion of parliaments surviving 90%, 95% and 99% of their terms by decades, Europe, 1800–2019.
Supplemental material