The COVID-19 crisis and the rise of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

Figures & data

Table 1. Sources for process tracing and triangulation.

	Institutional Process pre COVID-19		COVID-19 sequence
	Evidence of layering post-crisis	Evidence of layering and conversion amid H1N1	Evidence of conversion amid crisis	Evidence of attempt at layering post-crisis
Main sources for process tracing	Council of the EU minutes (1996, 1997, 1998); European Commission Communication (1998) Legislative process: European Commission (2003a, 2003b), Council of the EU (2004)	Minutes from ECDC Advisory Forum minutes (2005, 2008) ECDC Management Board minutes (2007)	ECDC publications (2020b, 2020c, 2020d, 2020e, 2020f, 2020g); European Commission Documents (2020c, 2020d, 2020e, 2020f)	European Commission Communication (2020b) and proposal (2020g); Member States: (Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères 2020; Bundesgesundheit-ministerium 2020)
Additional sources for triangulation	Public Health literature (Kokki and Haigh 2004; Lancet 1998; Weinberg et al. 1999) and conference proceedings (Bartlett 1998)	Public health literature (Liverani and Coker 2012) Media articles (Kirkpatrick et al. 2020) Independent report on ECDC (Greco et al. 2011)	Flash reports (minutes) of the Health Security Committee (2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d, 2020e, 2020f, 2020g, 2020h, 2020j, 2020k, 2020l, 2020m)	Media articles (Bayer 2020; Guarascio 2020; Michalopoulos 2020; Momtaz et al. 2020) Pleas for institutional change (Clemens and Brand 2020; De Raeve 2020)

Table 2. The institutionalisation of ECDC through crises.

	Risk Assessment	Coordination of risk management
2002 SARS CRISIS	Post-crisis layering: Creation of ECDC – Mandate limited to risk assessment	ECDC formally barred from advising on the coordination of risk management
2009 H1N1 CRISIS	Amid crisis, ECDC produces scientific/technical documents based on risk monitoring for the Commission and Member States	Amid crisis, conversion of rules: ECDC punctually involved in coordinating risk management
2020 COVID-19 CRISIS	Amid crisis, ECDC produces scientific/technical documents based on risk monitoring for the Commission and Member States	Amid crisis, conversion of rules: ECDC increasingly involved in coordinating risk management
		Post-crisis layering: Commission’s Proposal for a new regulation: ECDC would formally be tasked with coordinating health threats management

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