Dimensions of disagreement in EU affairs: is parliamentary opposition driven by left-right or European integration contestation?

Figures & data

Table 1. Regression analysis of the effect of party distance to the government on the left–right dimension and EU dimension, respectively, on oppositional behaviour.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Lagged opposition	0.50* **	0.42***	0.31***	0.28***	0.25**
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Government distance (LR)	0.04***(0.01)	0.02*** (0.01)	0.00(0.01)	−0.00 (0.01)	−0.01 (0.01)
Government distance (EU)		0.02*** (0.01)	0.02*** (0.01)	0.02*** (0.01)	0.03*** (0.01)
Seat share			0.00	0.00	0.00
			(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Government party			−0.15***	−0.16***	−0.18***
			(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)
EU saliency				0.01	0.00
				(0.01)	(0.01)
GAL–TAN				−0.00	−0.01
				(0.00)	(0.01)
Year				0.01**	0.01**
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Constant	0.11***	0.13***	0.27***	−17.85**	−14.63*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(8.09)	(7.61)
Country FE	No	No	No	No	Yes
Adj. R2	0.48	0.52	0.56	0.58	0.59
Observations	250	250	250	250	250

Note: Panel-corrected standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

Table 2. Regression analysis of the effect of party distance to the legislative centre of political gravity on the left–right dimension and EU dimension, respectively, on oppositional behaviour.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Lagged opposition	0.56***	0.45***	0.28***	0.25***	0.23**
	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Mean party distance (LR)	0.04*** (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
Mean party distance (EU)		0.03*** (0.01)	0.03*** (0.01)	0.03*** (0.01)	0.04*** (0.01)
Seat share			0.00	0.00	0.00
			(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Government party			−0.15***	−0.16***	−0.17***
			(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
EU saliency				0.00	−0.00
				(0.01)	(0.01)
GAL–TAN				−0.01	−0.01
				(0.01)	(0.01)
Year				0.01**	0.01*
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Constant	0.08***	0.11***	0.25***	−17.52**	−14.21*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(7.82)	(7.46)
Country FE	No	No	No	No	Yes
R2	0.46	0.51	0.58	0.59	0.61
Observations	250	250	250	250	250

Note: Panel-corrected standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

Table 3. Regression analysis of the effect of party distance to the mean voter on the left–right dimension and EU dimension, respectively, on oppositional behaviour.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Lagged opposition	0.53***	0.53***	0.34***	0.31***	0.27***
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Mean voter distance (LR)	0.05*** (0.02)	0.06*** (0.02)	0.05*** (0.01)	0.05*** (0.01)	0.05*** (0.01)
Mean voter distance (EU)		−0.01 (0.01)	−0.00 (0.01)	−0.01 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
Seat share			−0.00	−0.00	−0.00
			(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Government party			−0.16***	−0.17***	−0.18***
			(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
EU saliency				0.01	0.01
				(0.01)	(0.01)
GAL–TAN				−0.00	−0.00
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Year				0.01**	0.01**
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Constant	0.07***	0.09**	0.24***	−18.51**	−16.68**
	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(8.19)	(8.11)
Country FE	No	No	No	No	Yes
R^2	0.47	0.47	0.55	0.57	0.59
Observations	250	250	250	250	250

Note: Panel-corrected standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

Table 4. Regression analysis of the effect of a party distance to its mean supporter on the left–right dimension and EU dimension, respectively, on oppositional behaviour.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Lagged opposition	0.59***	0.59***	0.36***	0.33***	0.29***
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Mean supporter distance (LR)	0.05*** (0.02)	0.04** (0.02)	0.05*** (0.02)	0.06*** (0.02)	0.07*** (0.02)
Mean supporter distance (EU)		0.00 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)
Seat share			−0.00	−0.00	−0.00
			(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Government party			−0.16***	−0.17***	−0.18***
			(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
EU saliency				0.00	0.00
				(0.01)	(0.01)
GAL–TAN				−0.01	−0.01
				(0.01)	(0.01)
Year				0.01**	0.01**
				(0.00)	(0.00)
Constant	0.13***	0.11***	0.28***	−20.10**	−17.64**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(8.24)	(8.06)
Country FE	No	No	No	No	Yes
R^2	0.44	0.43	0.53	0.55	0.56
Observations	243	242	242	242	242

Note: Panel-corrected standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.