A conceptual framework of defence innovation

Figures & data

Chart 1. The defence innovation system framework and factor categories.

Chart 2. The defence innovation system framework and listing of key variables within the factor categories.

Table 1. List of key categories of factors in the defence innovation system

Factor Categories	Variables
Catalytic	Top-Level Leadership Support; External Threat Environment; Revolutionary Product or Process Breakthrough Opportunities
Inputs	Foreign Technology Transfers; Resource Inputs (State Budget Allocations, Capital Market Investments); Human Capital (Size and Quality of Workforce, Cultivation of Top Talent), Civil–Military Integration
Institutions	Plans and Strategies; Regulatory and Standards-Based Regime; Incentives (Intellectual Property Protection); Governance Norms; State-Market Relations; Technology Push Vs. Demand Pull Dynamics
Organisations	Defence Corporations, State Agencies, Military Entities; Research and Development System
Networks and Subsystems	Manufacturing Process; Acquisition (Research, Development, and Engineering) system; Social Networks; Diffusion
Contextual	Historical Legacy; Domestic Political Environment; Development Level, Country and Market Size
Outputs	Production Process; Maintenance; Sales and Distribution; End-User Demand; Commercialisation

Chart 3. Framework of incremental catch-up regimes.

Chart 4. Framework of rapidly catching-up regimes.

Chart 5. Framework of advanced developed regimes.

Chart 6. Framework of emerging technological domains.

Table 2. List of key factors driving the defence innovation system incorporating the hard, soft, and critical factors categories

Factor Categories	Hard Innovation Factors	Soft Innovation Factors
Catalytic	Revolutionary Product or Process Breakthrough Opportunities	Top-Level Leadership Support; External Threat Environment
Contextual	Historical Legacy; Development Level; Political System
Input	Foreign Technology Transfers; Resource Inputs (State Budget Allocations, Capital Market Investments); Human Capital (Size and Quality of Workforce, Cultivation of Top Talent)
Organisational	Corporations; Government Agencies; Research Entities; Individuals; Military Organisations
Networks and Subsystems	Procurement Subsystem; Research and Development Subsystem	Social Networks; Professional Networks; Technology Push Vs. Demand Pull; Technological Diffusion
Institutional	Plans and Strategies;	Regulatory and Standards-Based Regime; Incentives (Intellectual Property Protection); Governance Norms; Market Forces
Output	Production Process; Maintenance; Sales and Distribution	End-User Demand