How do minoritized migrant-background citizens perceive their political representation? An intracategorical perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variable	N	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Perceived political representation of migrants	286	2.12	0.77	1.00	4.50
Perceived descriptive representation	240	2.09	0.76	1.00	4.00
Perceived substantive representation	274	2.13	0.85	1.00	5.00
Education
Primary and secondary vocational	44	0.15		0.00	1.00
Tertiary vocational and higher secondary	94	0.33		0.00	1.00
University	135	0.47		0.00	1.00
Missing values	13	0.05		0.00	1.00
Occupational status
Low status	19	0.07		0.00	1.00
Middle status	75	0.26		0.00	1.00
High status	69	0.24		0.00	1.00
Other occupation	41	0.14		0.00	1.00
Inactive	62	0.22		0.00	1.00
Missing values	20	0.07		0.00	1.00
Gender (men = ref.)	286	0.52	0.50	0.00	1.00
Migration background
Suriname	61	0.21		0.00	1.00
Sub-Sahara Africa	23	0.08		0.00	1.00
Former Dutch Antilles and Aruba	18	0.06		0.00	1.00
Morocco	37	0.13		0.00	1.00
Turkey	60	0.21		0.00	1.00
Other MENA	43	0.15		0.00	1.00
East-Asia	30	0.10		0.00	1.00
Other Latin America	14	0.05		0.00	1.00
Denomination
Non-religious	75	0.26		0.00	1.00
Less religious Muslims	36	0.13		0.00	1.00
More religious Muslims	52	0.18		0.00	1.00
Less religious people with another religion	78	0.27		0.00	1.00
More religious people with another religion	25	0.09		0.00	1.00
Missing values	20	0.07		0.00	1.00
Generation (first-generation = ref.)	286	0.58	0.49	0.00	1.00
Age	286	38.98	15.62	18.00	87.00
Political trust	286	1.44	0.67	0.00	3.00
Political interest	286	1.83	0.77	0.00	3.00
Vote in previous election
Coalition party	63	0.22		0.00	1.00
Opposition party	128	0.45		0.00	1.00
Did not vote	25	0.09		0.00	1.00
Missing values	70	0.24		0.00	1.00

Source: DEMES 2021, N of used sample is 300, N of original sample is 404.

Table 2. Linear regression analysis on perceived political representation of migrants.

	Model 1^1			Model 2^1			Model 3^2			Model 4^3
	Bivariate models			Multivariate model			DV: descriptive representation			DV: Substantive representation
	B		s.e.	B		s.e.	B		s.e.	B		s.e.
Education
Primary and secondary vocational	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Tertiary vocational and higher secondary	−0.25		0.14	−0.19		0.13	−0.19		0.15	−0.19		0.15
University	−0.31	*	0.13	−0.32	*	0.14	−0.33	*	0.15	−0.33	*	0.15
Missing values	0.12		0.24	0.16		0.24	0.05		0.25	0.29		0.27
Occupational status
Low status	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Middle status	−0.71	***	0.19	−0.44	*	0.19	−0.04		0.20	−0.63	**	0.21
High status	−0.69	***	0.20	−0.48	*	0.19	−0.06		0.21	−0.68	**	0.22
Other occupation	−0.72	***	0.21	−0.39	+	0.20	−0.01		0.23	−0.52	*	0.23
Inactive	−0.59	**	0.20	−0.46	*	0.19	−0.09		0.21	−0.56	*	0.22
Missing values	−0.46		0.24	−0.19		0.23	0.38		0.26	−0.35		0.26
Gender (men = ref.)	0.00		0.09	0.03		0.09	−0.07		0.10	0.11		0.10
Migration background
Suriname	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Sub-Sahara Africa	−0.10		0.18	−0.06		0.17	−0.08		0.18	−0.07		0.19
Dutch Caribbean	0.63	**	0.20	0.64	**	0.20	0.60	**	0.20	0.61	**	0.23
Morocco	−0.06		0.16	0.45	*	0.17	0.52	**	0.19	0.43	*	0.19
Turkey	0.40	**	0.14	0.80	***	0.16	0.83	***	0.17	0.81	***	0.18
Other MENA	0.35	*	0.15	0.49	**	0.16	0.43	*	0.17	0.52	**	0.18
East-Asia	0.42	*	0.17	0.39	**	0.16	0.36	*	0.17	0.38	*	0.19
Other Latin America	0.28		0.22	0.25		0.22	0.04		0.27	0.32	*	0.27
Denomination
Non-religious	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Less religious Muslims	−0.23		0.15	−0.55	***	0.16	−0.49	**	0.18	−0.59	**	0.18
More religious Muslims	−0.44	**	0.14	−0.61	***	0.15	−0.40	*	0.17	−0.69	***	0.16
Less religious people with another religion	−0.02		0.12	−0.01		0.12	0.07		0.13	0.02		0.14
More religious people with another religion	−0.10		0.18	−0.17		0.17	−0.17		0.18	−0.22		0.19
Missing values	−0.26		0.19	−0.53	**	0.19	−0.47	*	0.20	−0.63	**	0.22
Generation (first-generation = ref.)	−0.19	*	0.09	0.15		0.11	0.28	*	0.13	0.12		0.12
Age	0.01	*	0.00	0.01		0.00	0.01	**	0.00	0.01		0.00
Political trust	0.26	***	0.07	0.18	**	0.07	0.14	+	0.07	0.17	*	0.08
Political interest	−0.04		0.06	−0.09		0.06	−0.12	+	0.06	−0.11		0.07
Vote in previous election
Coalition party	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Opposition party	−0.27	*	0.12	−0.10		0.11	−0.13		0.12	−0.06		0.13
Did not vote	0.19		0.18	0.33		0.18	0.59	**	0.20	0.18		0.21
Missing values	−0.28	*	0.13	−0.12		0.14	−0.11		0.15	−0.17		0.16
Intercept				2.14	***	0.34	1.58	***	0.36	2.40	***	0.39
Adjusted R2				0.22			0.20			0.21

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, + p < 0.1, ¹N = 286; ²N = 240; ³N = 274 (original sample N = 404), Source: DEMES.

Figure 1. Predicted perceived political representation by migration background.

Note: predicted perceived political representation based on Model 2 of Table 2, estimated for primary or secondary education, men, non-religious, first-generation and mean age. We distinguish four groups from top to bottom: (1) Turkey significantly differs (with at least p < 0.1) from Other MENA, Morocco, East-Asia, Other Latin America, Suriname and Sub-Sahara Africa; (2) Dutch Caribbean significantly differ from Suriname and Sub-Sahara Africa; (3) Other MENA, Morocco and East-Asia significantly differs from Turkey, Suriname and Sub-Sahara Africa; (4) Other Latin America significantly differs from Turkey; (5) Suriname and Sub-Sahara Africa significantly differ from all other migration backgrounds, except Other Latin America.