Japanese dental trainees’ perceptions of educational environment in postgraduate training

Figures & data

Table

Practice points
The perception of educational environment could reflect trainees’ satisfaction for learning. Measuring the educational environment provides appropriate feedback to improve training program. PHEEM is easy to use and easy to understand for all involved in postgraduate training.

Table 1.  Scores for each item in the Hiroshima University Hospital postgraduate training program (n = 50)

		Main hospital		Cooperative hospitals
Item number	Statement	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
1	I have a contract of employment that provides information about hours of work	3.2	0.65	3.2	0.68
2	My clinical teachers set clear expectations	2.7	0.88	2.8	1.09
3	I have protected educational time in this post	2.9	0.73	2.8	0.92
4	I had an informative induction programme	2.5	0.77	2.7	0.95
5	I have the appropriate level of responsibility in this post	2.6	0.84	2.8	1.03
6	I have good clinical supervision at all times	2.5	0.97	2.9	1.11
7	There is racism in this post	2.8	1.17	2.6	1.44
8	I have to perform inappropriate tasks	1.8	1.06	1.7	1.21
9	There is an informative Junior Doctors handbook	1.9	0.94	1.6	1.14
10	My clinical teachers have good communication skills	2.7	0.79	3.1	1.08
11	I am bleeped inappropriately	2.7	1.11	3.0	1.21
12	I am able to participate actively in educational event	2.6	0.84	2.7	1.07
13	There is sex discrimination in this post	3.1	1.03	3.0	1.26
14	There are clear clinical protocols in this post	1.9	0.96	1.6	1.26
15	My clinical teachers are enthusiastic	2.6	1.01	3.0	1.16
16	I have good collaboration with other doctors in my grade	2.9	0.61	2.9	1.10
17	My hours conform to the New Deal	2.9	0.54	3.0	0.90
18	I have the opportunity to provide continuity of care	2.6	0.86	2.7	1.24
19	I have suitable access to careers advice	2.4	0.79	2.6	1.18
20	This hospital has good quality accommodation for junior doctors, especially when on call	2.5	0.91	2.3	1.14
21	There is access to an educational programme relevant to my needs	2.2	0.92	2.1	1.06
22	I get regular feedback from seniors	2.4	1.01	2.9	1.12
23	My clinical teachers are well organised	2.0	1.07	2.6	1.16
24	I feel physically safe within the hospital environment	2.9	0.73	2.7	1.07
25	There is a no-blame culture in this post	2.5	0.84	2.5	1.25
26	There are adequate catering facilities when I am on call	3.0	0.82	2.6	1.05
27	I have enough clinical learning opportunities for my needs	2.6	0.81	2.8	0.97
28	My clinical teachers have good teaching skills	2.6	0.75	3.0	1.07
29	I feel part of a team working here	2.6	0.84	2.9	1.10
30	I have opportunities to acquire the appropriate practical procedures for my grade	2.3	0.99	2.9	1.07
31	My clinical teachers are accessible	2.7	0.79	2.9	0.96
32	My workload in this job is fine	2.0	0.97	3.0	0.90
33	Senior staff utilises learning opportunities effectively	2.5	0.79	2.6	1.15
34	The training in this post makes me feel ready to be a SpR/Consultant	2.4	1.08	2.9	1.19
35	My clinical teachers have good mentoring skills	2.6	0.75	3.0	1.07
36	I get a lot of enjoyment out of my present job	3.0	0.71	2.9	1.14
37	My clinical teachers encourage me to be an independent learner	2.7	0.76	3.0	1.09
38	There are good counselling opportunities for junior doctors who fail to complete their training satisfactorily	2.6	0.93	2.7	1.08
39	The clinical teachers provide me with good feedback on my strengths and weaknesses	2.5	0.74	2.8	1.00
40	My Clinical teachers promote an atmosphere of mutual respect	2.5	0.79	2.8	1.11
Mean total scores		102.4	19.99	108.5	30.12

Notes: Items in italics has been reverse coded. Paired t-test was used to compare the data between mean total scores.

Table 2.  Subscale 1: Perceptions of role autonomy

		Main hospital		Cooperative hospitals
Item number	Statement	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
1	I have a contract of employment that provides information about hours of work	3.2	0.65	3.2	0.68
4	I had an informative induction programme	2.5	0.77	2.7	0.95
5	I have the appropriate level of responsibility in this post	2.6	0.84	2.8	1.03
8	I have to perform inappropriate tasks	1.8	1.06	1.7	1.21
9	There is an informative Junior Doctors handbook	1.9	0.94*	1.6	1.14
11	I am bleeped inappropriately	2.7	1.11	3.0	1.21
14	There are clear clinical protocols in this post	1.9	0.96	1.6	1.26
17	My hours conform to the New Deal	2.9	0.54	3.0	0.90
18	I have the opportunity to provide continuity of care	2.6	0.86	2.7	1.24
29	I feel part of a team working here	2.6	0.84*	2.9	1.10
30	I have opportunities to acquire the appropriate practical procedures for my grade	2.3	0.99**	2.9	1.07
32	My workload in this job is fine	2.0	0.97**	3.0	0.90
34	The training in this post makes me feel ready to be a SpR/Consultant	2.4	1.08**	2.9	1.19
40	My clinical teachers promote an atmosphere of mutual respect	2.5	0.79	2.8	1.11
Mean total scores		33.9	6.96**	36.8	9.20

Notes: Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data of each item. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Paired t-test was used to compare the data between mean total scores. **p < 0.01.

Table 3.  Subscale 2: Perceptions of teaching

		Main hospital		Cooperative hospitals
Item number	Statement	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
2	My clinical teachers set clear expectations	2.7	0.88	2.8	1.09
3	I have protected educational time in this post	2.9	0.73	2.8	0.92
6	I have good clinical supervision at all times	2.5	0.97	2.9	1.11
10	My clinical teachers have good communication skills	2.7	0.79*	3.1	1.08
12	I am able to participate actively in educational events	2.6	0.84	2.7	1.07
15	My clinical teachers are enthusiastic	2.6	1.01	3.0	1.16
21	There is access to an educational programme relevant to my needs	2.2	0.92	2.1	1.06
22	I get regular feedback from seniors	2.4	1.01**	2.9	1.12
23	My clinical teachers are well organised	2.0	1.07**	2.6	1.16
27	I have enough clinical learning opportunities for my needs	2.6	0.81	2.8	0.97
28	My clinical teachers have good teaching skills	2.6	0.75	3.0	1.07
31	My clinical teachers are accessible	2.7	0.79	2.9	0.96
33	Senior staff utilises learning opportunities effectively	2.5	0.79	2.6	1.15
37	My clinical teachers encourage me to be an independent learner	2.7	0.76	3.0	1.09
39	The clinical teachers provide me with good feedback on my strengths and weaknesses	2.5	0.74*	2.8	1.00
Mean total scores		38.1	8.91*	41.9	12.91

Notes: Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data of each item. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Paired t-test was used to compare the data between mean total scores. *p < 0.05.

Table 4.  Subscale 3: Perceptions of social support

		Main hospital		Cooperative hospitals
Item Number	Statement	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
7	There is racism in this post	2.8	1.17	2.6	1.44
13	There is sex discrimination in this post	3.1	1.03	3.0	1.26
16	I have good collaboration with other doctors in my grade	2.9	0.61	2.9	1.10
19	I have suitable access to careers advice	2.4	0.79	2.6	1.18
20	This hospital has good quality accommodation for junior doctors, especially when on call	2.5	0.91	2.3	1.14
24	I feel physically safe within the hospital environment	2.9	0.73	2.7	1.07
25	There is a no-blame culture in this post	2.5	0.84	2.5	1.25
26	There are adequate catering facilities when I am on call	3.0	0.82*	2.6	1.05
35	My clinical teachers have good mentoring skills	2.6	0.75*	3.0	1.07
36	I get a lot of enjoyment out of my present job	3.0	0.71	2.9	1.14
38	There are good counselling opportunities for junior doctors who fail to complete their training satisfactorily	2.6	0.93	2.7	1.08
Mean total scores		30.4	5.65	29.8	9.11

Notes: Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data of each item. *p < 0.05. Paired t-test was used to compare the data between mean total scores.

Table 5.  Interpreting the subscale

Overall score of PHEEM
0–40	Very poor
41–80	Plenty of problem
81–120	More positive than negative but room for improvement
121–160	Excellent
Subscale 1 perception of role autonomy
0–14	Very poor
15–28	A negative view of one's role
29–42	A more positive perception of one's job
43–56	Excellent perception of one's job
Subscale 2 perception of role teaching
0–15	Very poor quality
16–30	In need of some retraining
31–45	Moving in the right direction
46–60	Model teachers
Subscale 3 perception of role social support
0–11	Very poor quality
12–22	In need of some retraining
23–33	Moving in the right direction
34–44	Model teachers