Trends in ethnic inequality in the attainment of vocational degrees: a cohort study in Germany

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample composition.

Nationality/Immigration cohort	1960–1975	1976–1989	1990–1901	Total
Turkey	2089	5048	556	7693
Former recruitment countries	1511	1775	698	3984
Central/Eastern/Southeastern European countries	83	410	129	622
Non-European countries	68	558	243	869
Nationality/Birth cohort	1960–1967	1968–1975	1977–1983	Total
German	238,329	315,145	131,229	684,703

Note:

Students in general secondary school or vocational education programmes are not included in the sample.

Source: Author’s own calculations based on Microcensus 1996–2011.

Table 2. Explanatory variables by nationality and cohort.

Explanatory variable (immigration cohort for migrants/birth cohort for Germans)		Germany	Turkey	Former recruitment countries	Central/Eastern/Southeastern European countries	Non-European countries
Vocational degree available
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	0.89	0.44	0.62	0.65	0.61
	SD	0.32	0.50	0.49	0.48	0.49
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	0.88	0.35	0.59	0.63	0.38
	SD	0.32	0.48	0.49	0.49	0.49
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	0.88	0.22	0.53	0.54	0.32
	SD	0.33	0.42	0.50	0.50	0.47
General school leaving degree
Low
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	0.32	0.79	0.65	0.60	0.54
	SD	0.47	0.41	0.48	0.49	0.50
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	0.27	0.86	0.69	0.53	0.69
	SD	0.45	0.34	0.46	0.50	0.46
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	0.24	0.87	0.80	0.64	0.67
	SD	0.43	0.33	0.40	0.48	0.47
Medium
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	0.42	0.16	0.25	0.28	0.23
	SD	0.49	0.37	0.43	0.45	0.42
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	0.42	0.12	0.23	0.26	0.18
	SD	0.49	0.32	0.42	0.44	0.38
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	0.38	0.14	0.17	0.24	0.28
	SD	0.49	0.35	0.38	0.43	0.45
High
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	0.27	0.07	0.12	0.14	0.28
	SD	0.44	0.25	0.32	0.35	0.45
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	0.32	0.04	0.12	0.26	0.21
	SD	0.47	0.20	0.32	0.44	0.41
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	0.39	0.04	0.07	0.18	0.16
	SD	0.49	0.20	0.26	0.39	0.37
Percentage of non-nationals in neighbourhood
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	5.55	29.66	21.62	21.40	16.22
	SD	14.14	31.94	28.76	29.83	19.87
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	6.39	32.05	24.01	19.55	24.08
	SD	14.97	31.63	28.64	25.41	28.98
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	7.84	29.55	23.09	15.62	21.82
	SD	16.22	28.84	27.07	23.11	26.17
Only non-nationals in household
1960–1975/1960–1967	Mean	0.00	0.71	0.52	0.49	0.49
	SD	0.00	0.45	0.50	0.50	0.50
1976–1989/1968–1975	Mean	0.00	0.72	0.54	0.39	0.41
	SD	0.00	0.45	0.50	0.49	0.49
1990–1901/1976–1983	Mean	0.00	0.44	0.41	0.25	0.37
	SD	0.00	0.49	0.49	0.43	0.48

Note:

Students in general secondary school or vocational education programmes are not included in the sample.

Source: Author’s own calculations based on Microcensus 1996–2011.

Table 3. Determinants of attainment of vocational degrees for first generation by immigration cohorts and Germans by birth cohorts, average marginal effects.

Immigration cohort	1960–1975			1976–1989			1990–192001
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Reference: German (by birth cohorts 1960–1967, 1968–1975, 1976–1983)
Turkey	−0.417***	−0.253***	−0.179***	−0.496***	−0.297***	−0.200***	−0.634***	−0.364***	−0.313***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Former recruitment countries	−0.235***	−0.141***	−0.096***	−0.280***	−0.144***	−0.098***	−0.351***	−0.140***	−0.110***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Central/Eastern/Southeastern European countries	−0.219***	−0.128**	−0.084*	−0.230***	−0.139***	−0.104***	−0.318***	−0.158***	−0.141***
	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Non-European countries	−0.271***	−0.199***	−0.157**	−0.448***	−0.287***	−0.238***	−0.519***	−0.334***	−0.301***
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Reference: Mittlere Reife
≤Lower secondary school		−0.170***	−0.169***		−0.208***	−0.205***		−0.246***	−0.242***
		(0.00)	(0.00)		(0.00)	(0.00)		(0.00)	(0.00)
Higher secondary school		0.012***	0.012***		0.020***	0.020***		0.026***	0.027***
		(0.00)	(0.00)		(0.00)	(0.00)		(0.00)	(0.00)
Only non-nationals in household			−0.028**			−0.023***			−0.014
			(0.01)			(0.01)			(0.01)
Single household			−0.013***			−0.008***			−0.003
			(0.00)			(0.00)			(0.00)
Percentage of non-nationals in neighbourhood			−0.001***			−0.001***			−0.001***
			(0.00)			(0.00)			(0.00)
Age	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sex	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Survey year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Federal state fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	651,279	651,279	651,279	655,149	655,149	655,149	649,443	649,443	649,443
Akaike information criterion (AIC)	154,271.5	141,397.3	140,744.2	218,330.5	196,028.3	194,525.9	96,192.7	84,249.7	83,670.6
Pseudo R^2	0.043	0.123	0.127	0.054	0.151	0.157	0.037	0.157	0.163

Notes:

Binary logistic regression, outcome: to have a vocational degree or not;

Statistical significance:

*** p ≤ 0.001

** p ≤ 0.01

* p ≤ 0.05

Standard error in parentheses;

Students in general secondary school or vocational education programmes are not included in the sample.

Source: Author’s own calculations based on Microcensus 1996–2011.