Comparing six pixel-wise classifiers for tropical rural land cover mapping using four forms of fully polarimetric SAR data

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates four commonly used forms of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for land-cover classification in tropical rural areas. The backscatter coefficient of linearly polarized L-band SAR was compared to two distinctive feature sets derived from Eigen-based and model-based decompositions. The performance of six classifiers available in Orfeo Toolbox (OTB), that is, Bayes, artificial neural networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), decision trees, Random Forests (RFs), and gradient boosting trees (GBTs), was investigated to distinguish five and seven land-cover classes, with particular attention given to several types of woody vegetation: forest, mixed garden, rubber, oil palm, and tea plantations. Classifiers reacted differently to ingested forms of SAR data, and careless use of data input yielded a negative impact. The results showed that SVM provided the highest overall accuracy although the performance was not significantly better than the others. Tuning the parameters, however, significantly improved the accuracy of ANN and SVM, while RF and GBT did not respond well. Responses of two SVM parameters (cost and kernel type) fluctuated somewhat, which required further attention. ANN accuracy was improved when the number of neurons in the hidden layer was set between 10 and 12. We found that accuracy imbalance existed between designated land-cover classes, especially in woody vegetation. Imbalance can partially be reduced by tuning specific classifiers. We showed that classifier tuning can lead to significantly improved accuracy, especially for classes having medium or low accuracies. This research also demonstrated that freely available toolkits such as OTB and QGIS can be beneficial for mapping activities in developing countries, achieving a reasonable accuracy if the classification parameters are tuned properly.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank editors and reviewers for careful reading and comments that significantly improve the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) under Grant Fourth Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Research Announcement [JAXA RA4-1029]; the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia; University of New South Wales (UNSW) University International Postgraduate Awards (UIPA); Australia Awards Scholarships; and JW Ronin Institute.