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Abstract
What happens to the politics of welfare in the Global South when neoliberal values are questioned? How is welfare re-imagined and re-enacted when governments seek to introduce progressive change? Latin America provides an illustration and a valuable entry point to debates about ‘interruptions’ of neoliberalism and the changing nature of social policy. Drawing on examples of disability policies in Ecuador and care provision in Uruguay, we argue that there is a ‘rights turn’ in welfare provision under the left that reflects a recognition that previous welfare models left too many people out, ethically and politically, as well as efforts to embed welfare more centrally in new patterns of respect for socio-economic and identity-based human rights. Given Latin America’s recent contestation of neoliberal development as well as its history of sometimes dramatic welfare shifts, the emergence of rights-based social provision is significant not just for the region but also in relation to global struggles for more equitable governance.
Notes
1. Goodale and Postero, “Neoliberalism Interrupted.”
2. Anthias and Radcliffe, “Ethno-Environmental Fix and its Limits.”
3. Grugel and Riggirozzi, “Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America”; MacDonald and Ruckert, Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas; Wylde, Latin America after Neoliberalism; Wylde, “Post-Neoliberal Developmental Regimes”; Yates and Bakker, “Debating the ‘Post-Neoliberal Turn’”; Gezmiş, “From Neoliberalism to Neo-Developmentalism?”; Levitsky and Roberts, Resurgence of the Latin American Left.
4. Rudra, “Social Protection in the Developing World,” 1.
5. Barrientos, “Latin America,” 3; also Barrientos, “Justice-based Social Assistance.”
6. Malloy, “Statecraft, Social Policy, and Governance.”
7. Carnes and Mares, “Explaining the ‘Return of the State.’”
8. Gerlach, “Ecuador’s Experiment in Living Well,” 8.
9. Ruckert, Macdonald and Proulx, “Post-neoliberalism in Latin America.”
10. Gezmiş, “From Neoliberalism to Neo-Developmentalism?.”
11. Wylde, Latin America after Neoliberalism.
12. Weyland, “Rise of Latin America’s Two Lefts”; Castañeda, “Latin America’s Left Turn”; Grugel and Riggirozzi, Governance after Neoliberalism; Grugel and Riggirozzi, “Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America”; MacDonald and Ruckert, Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas.
13. Levitsky and Roberts, Resurgence of the Latin American Left.
14. Jenson, “Diffusion of Ideas for after Neoliberalism,” 60.
15. Martinez Franzoni and Sánchez-Ancochea, “Double Challenge of Market and Social Incorporation.”
16. Castañeda, “Latin America’s Left Turn.”
17. Grugel and Riggirozzi, Governance after Neoliberalism; Grugel and Riggirozzi, “Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America.”
18. Ceccini et al., “Rights and the Life Cycle.”
19. Carnes and Mares, “Explaining the ‘Return of the State,’” 526.
20. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class.
21. Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism; Esping-Andersen, Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies.
22. Grech, Disability and Poverty in the Global South.
23. Cornwall and Nyamu-Musembi, “Putting the ‘Rights-Based Approach’ to Development”; Grugel and Piper, “Do Rights Promote Development?”; Uvin, “Rights-Based Approach to Development.”
24. Peruzzotti, "Towards a New Politics.”
25. Sikkink, “Latin American Countries as Norm Protagonists.”
26. Riggirozzi and Grugel, “Regional Governance and Legitimacy.”
27. Radcliffe, Dilemmas of Difference; Grugel and Riggirozzi, “Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America.”
28. Wolff, “New Constitutions and the Transformation of Democracy,” 189.
29. Grugel and Fontana, “Human Rights and the Pink Tide.”
30. Sepúlevda Carmona, “Translating Human Rights Rhetoric into Practice.”
31. Riggirozzi, “Regionalism, Activism, and Rights”; also Riggirozzi and Yeates, “Locating Regional Health Policy.”
32. Mabbet, “Development of Rights-based Social Policy.”
33. Cecchini and Rico, “Rights-Based Approach in Social Protection”; see also ECLAC, Inclusive Social Development.
34. Cecchini et al., “Rights and the Life Cycle,” 43.
35. Owen, ”Responsibilities of Justice.”
36. Gough and Wood, Insecurity and Welfare Regimes; Haggard and Kaufman, Development, Democracy, and Welfare States.
37. Huber and Stephens, Democracy and the Left.
38. Stokes et al., Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism.
39. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers; Huber and Stephens, Democracy and the Left.
40. Pribble, Welfare and Party Politics.
41. Eckstein and Wickham-Crowley, Struggles for Social Rights, 19.
42. Eckstein and Wickham-Crowley, Struggles for Social Rights, 19.
43. Barrientos, “Latin America.”
44. Stampini and Tornarolli, “Growth of Conditional Cash Transfers.”
45. Lavinas, “21st Century Welfare,” 9; Sandberg, “Between Poor Relief and Human Capital Investments,” 319.
46. Bastagli, “Poverty, Inequality and Public Cash Transfers.”
47. Lavinas, “21st Century Welfare”; Papadopoulos and Velázquez Leyer, “Two Decades of Social Investment”; Rudra, “Social Protection in the Developing World.”
48. ECLAC, Inclusive Social Development.
49. Molyneux, “Change and Continuity in Social Protection.”
50. Gudynas and Acosta, “El ‘Buen Vivir’ Más Allá del Desarrollo.”
51. Correa, El Telegrafo, cited in North, “New Left Regimes in the Andes,” 113.
52. See North, “New Left Regimes in the Andes.”
53. CONADIS, Agenda Nacional para la Igualdad; Giler, Economic Inclusion of Persons with Disability; Interview with Gustavo Giler, Senior Officer Subsecretario Técnico para la Gestión Inclusiva, Buenos Aires, 9 November 2014.
54. Moreno Garcés, “Advancing Disability Rights.”
55. Singham, “Ecuador Pushes for Greater South–South Cooperation.”
56. UNCRPD, “Convention of the Rights of People with Disabilities,” Preamble and Article 5.
57. Interview with Gustavo Giler; UNCRPD, Convention of the Rights of People with Disabilities.
58. Rattray, “Contesting Urban Space and Disability”; Grech, Disability and Poverty in the Global South.
59. Interview with Gustavo Giler; also Grech, Disability and Poverty in the Global South.
60. Rattray, “Contesting Urban Space and Disability.”
61. Minteguiaga and Ubasart-Gonzàlez, “Revolucion Ciudadana.”
62. SETEDIS, Personas con Discapacidad; Giler, Economic inclusion of Persons with Disability.
63. Caselli, “Law that Empowered Ecuador’s Disabled.”
64. SETEDIS, Personas con Discapacidad.
65. Giler, Economic inclusion of Persons with Disability.
66. ECLAC, Inclusive Social Development; also Ordóñez et al., “Sharing the Fruits of Progress.”
67. PAHO, “Plan of Action on Disabilities.”
68. United Nations Report by the Expert Group Meeting on Disability.
69. Amarante and Rossel, “Unpaid Household Work in Latin America.”
70. Salvador, Hacia un Sistema Nacional de Cuidados; ILO, Domestic Workers across the World, 45.
71. Valdes, “Spotlight on Women’s Care-Work.”
72. Katzkowicz et al., “El trabajo de Cuidados,” 19.
73. Esquivel, “Care Workers in Argentina.”
74. Elena Clavell, Senior Official at Ministry of Social Development, personal communication, 2015.
75. Pribble and Huber, “Social Policy and Redistribution.”
76. ECLAC, Inclusive Social Development; Aguirre Cuns, “La Política de Cuidados.”
77. Aguirre Cuns, “La Política de Cuidados.”
78. Batthyány Dighiero, “Policies and Care Provision,” 36.
79. La República, “La Uruguay: Proceso de Construcción del Sistema Nacional de Cuidados.”
80. Vazquez, Discurso Inaugural (Inaugural Speech).
81. Matus Lopez and Cid Pedraza, “New Long-Term Care Policies in Latin America.”
82. Bango, “El Sistema Promoverá la Co-responsabilidad de los Cuidados.”
83. MIDES, Cuidados como Sistema.
84. ILO, Domestic Workers across the World.
85. Grugel and Riggirozzi, “Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America.”
86. Gerlach, “Ecuador’s Experiment in Living Well.”
87. Jenson, “Diffusion of Ideas for after Neoliberalism,” 60.