Tension between state-level industrial policy and regional integration in Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Balassa’s five stages of market integration.

Stage	Features
Free trade area	The abolition of tariffs and quotas within member states.
Customs union	Free trade area with a common tariff fixed for trade with non-members.
Common market	Free movement of goods and services as well as factors of production.
Economic union	Both supranational authorities and supranational laws need to be in place for harmonisation of some national policies and transfer of some policies to the supranational level.
Total integration	Single currency; harmonisation of taxes and democratic body effective at supranational level.

Source: Balassa (1961), updated by author.

Balassa, B. 1961. The Theory of Economic Integration (Routledge Revivals). London: Routledge Press. doi:10.4324/9780203805183.

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