Long-term impacts of transport infrastructure networks on land-use change: an international review of empirical studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Transport LU feedback cycle (Wegener & Fürst, 1999; adapted by Bertolini, 2012).

Figure 2. Stage in history, time span and data intervals of the papers reviewed.

Table 1. Empirical studies of the impact on TIN on LU according to region, TIN type and LU type.

	Region
	Europe	USA	Eastern Asia	Total per type
TIN
Road	3	12	2	17
Rail	10	5	0	15
Road and rail	8	5	4	17
LU type
Land cover	6	6	6	18
Density (population or employment)	15	12	0	28
Type of development	0	3	0	3
Total per region	21	22	6	49

Table 2. Summary of the main impacts of TINs on LU according to the studies reviewed.

	Studies focusing on road or rail		Studies focusing on road and rail
Relationship	Road	Rail	Road	Rail
Non-significant	1	0	3	5
Positive	10	9	10	3
Negative	0	0	0	3
Varying	6	6	4	4

Table 3. Summary of the results of the studies according to transport type and LU variables.

Author(s), Year	Time period	Study area	LU	TIN Road	Rail
Chaudhuri and Clarke (2014)	1950–2000	Friuli-Venezia region, Italy	1	+
Alvarez, Franch, and Marti-Henneberg (2013)	1871–1931	England and Wales, UK	2		+*
Casson (2013)	1831–1911	Oxfordshire, UK	2	0	−/+
Franch, Morillas-Torne, and Marti-Henneberg (2013)	1900–1970	Spain	2		+/−
Padeiro (2013)	1993–2008	Île-de-France region, France	2	+	0
Ratner and Goetz (2013)	1997–2010	Denver, USA	3		+
Mothorpe, Hanson, and Schnier (2013)	1945–2007	Georgia, USA	1	+
Stanilov (2013)	1875–2005	West London, UK	1	+*	+*
Giuliano et al. (2012)	1990–2000	Los Angeles region, USA	2	+
Koopmans et al. (2012)	1840–1930	the Netherlands	2		+
Garcia-Lopez (2012)	1991–2006	Barcelona Metropolitan Region, Spain	2	+	+
Duranton and Turner (2012)	1980–2000	Metropolitan regions, USA	2	+
Akgüngör, Aldemir, Kustepeli, Gulcan, and Tecim (2011)	1856–2000	Turkey	2		+
Beyzatlar and Kuştepeli (2011)	1950–2004	Turkey	2		+
King (2011)	1910–1950	New York city region, USA	3		+
Kotavaara, Antikainen, and Rusanen (2011b)	1880–1970	Finland	2	+	+
Kotavaara, Antikainen, and Rusanen (2011a)	1970–2007	Finland	2	+	+
Mojica and Marti-Henneberg (2011)	1870–2000	France, Spain and Portugal	2		+*
Schwartz, Gregory, and Thevenin (2011)	1860–1890	France and Great Britain	2		+
da Silveira, Alves, Lima, Alcantara, and Puig (2011)	1864–1930	Portugal	2		+*
Chi (2010)	1980–2000	Wisconsin state, USA	2	+
Funderburg, Nixon, Boarnet, and Ferguson (2010)	1980–2000	Merced, Orange and Santa Clara counties, California, USA	2,3	+
Atack et al. (2010)	1850–1860	Midwestern states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri, USA	2		+
Muller, Steinmeier, and Kuchler (2010)	1985–1997	Switzerland	1	+
Xie and Levinson (2010)	1900–1930	Minneapolis and St Paul city regions, USA	3		+
Jiwattanakulpaisarn, Noland, Graham, and Polak (2009)	1984–1997	48 contiguous states, USA	2	+
Iacono and Levinson (2009)	1990–2000	Twin cities, USA	1	+
Luo and Wei (2009)	1988–2000	Nanjing, China	1	+	−
Demirel et al. (2008)	1987–2001	Southeast part of Istanbul Metropolitan Area, Turkey	1	+*
Deng, Huang, Rozelle, and Uchida (2008)	1988–2000	China	1	+
Levinson (2008)	1871–2001	London and Westminister city regions, UK	2		+
Arauzo-Carod (2007)	1991–2001	Catalonia, Spain	2	0	0
Baum-Snow (2007)	1950–1990	Metropolitan regions, USA	2	+
Hu and Lo (2007)	1987–1997	Atlanta region, USA	1	+
Burchfield et al. (2006)	1976–1992	Entire conterminous United States	1	0	−
Conway (2005)	1986–1995	New Jersey, USA	1	+
Arai and Akiyama (2004)	1979–1989	A suburban district of Tokyo	1	+	−
Li and Yeh (2004)	1988–1997	Pearl river delta, China	1	+*
Verburg, van Eck, de Nijs, Dijst, and Schot (2004)	1989–1996	the Netherlands	1	+	+
Cheng and Masser (2003)	1993–2000	Wuhan city, China	1	+
Bollinger and Ihlanfeldt (2003)	1985–1997	Atlanta city, USA	2	+	0
McMillen and Lester (2003)	1970–2000	Chicago Metropolitan Area, USA	2	+/−	+
Stanilov (2003)	1960–1990	Suburban areas of Greater Seattle, USA	1	+*
McMillen and McDonald (1998)	1980–1990	Chicago Metropolitan Area, USA	2	+	+
Bollinger and Ihlanfeldt (1997)	1980–1990	Atlanta city, USA	2	+	0
Henry, Barkley, and Bao (1997)	1980–1990	South Carolina, Georgia and North Carolina, USA	2	0
Cervero and Landis (1997)	1965–1993	Counties of San Francisco, Alameda and Contra Costa, USA	1,2,3		+
Wu and Yeh (1997)	1979–1992	Guangzhou, China	1	+/−	0
Rietveld and van Nierop (1995)	1840–1890	44 cities, the Netherlands	2		+

Notes: LU characteristics studied: 1 = land cover; 2 = population/employment density; 3 = type of development (residential, office, commercial, industrial). Relationship between LU and transport: + =  positively related; 0 = no relationship; − = negatively related.

*A statistical test of significance was not performed; blank denotes that the TIN type was not investigated.

Table 4. Effects of LU and TIN policies measured in the reviewed studies.

Policy type	Way of measurement	Result
LU policies
National/regional government policies
Land ownership	Comparison of access indicators before and after the Chinese land reform which allowed land leasing (Wu & Yeh, 1997)	Introduction of land markets to cities changed the role of accessibility in determining type and location of land development
Spatial planning	Dummy variable showing whether a municipality belonged to designated New Towns (Padeiro, 2013)	Being part of a New Town exclusively influenced employment growth in municipalities with more than 100 jobs
Local government policies
General LU plan, development restrictions	Dummy variable indicating whether a site was planned as built-up or undevelopable area (Cheng & Masser, 2003)	Master planning had limited influence on urban growth due to the rise of market-driven land development
Administrative divisions	Percentage of “unincorporated” areas in the urban fringe (Burchfield et al., 2006)	Percentage of land in the urban fringe not subject to municipal planning regulations encouraged sprawl
Tax incentives	Dummy variable indicating if tracts were eligible for specific neighbourhood-based property tax abatements (Bollinger & Ihlanfeldt, 2003)	Designation of commercial-industrial enterprise zone, influenced metropolitan distribution of employment
Zoning	Minimum lot size allowed by municipal zoning regulations (Conway, 2005)	Not significant in explaining land-cover change
Integrated LU/TIN policies
TOD measures	Introducing an interaction term between transit access variable and station types (designated by Transit Station Area Development Studies) (Bollinger & Ihlanfeldt, 1997)	Only rail stations classified as “mixed-use regional nodes” had an influence on the mix of employment in tracts which contained a portion of their impact area

Table 5. Importance of saturation level of TINs and LU on the impacts of the transport system on LU.

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