Modal shift from road haulage to short sea shipping: a systematic literature review and research directions

Figures & data

Figure 1. Steps followed in the systematic literature review. Source: Adapted from Tranfield et al. (2003), Petticrew and Roberts (2006), Bossle et al. (2016), and Van Wee and Banister (2016).

Table 1. Keywords used in the literature search.

Keywords

Four-level search framework

Short sea OR Shortsea OR coastal OR cargo OR freight OR truck OR road OR RoRo OR RoPax OR container OR sea OR intermodal OR multimodal OR combined

AND

Shipping OR transport OR service OR transportation OR movement OR transshipment OR forwarding, OR haulage OR delivery

AND

Modal shift OR Mode shift OR shift in transport mode OR modal (mode) switch OR modal diversion OR modal substitution OR modal split OR alternative mode OR mode competition OR competing mode OR mode competitiveness OR competitor

AND NOT

Inland shipping OR inland waterways OR barge shipping OR river shipping OR lake shipping OR hinterland OR urban freight OR modal shift from road to rail freight OR modal shift from air to land modes OR modal shift from private vehicles to walking, cycling, and public transport

Table 2. Journals of publication and number of articles contributed.

Journal	Number of articles
Transportation
Transport Reviews	6
Transportation Research Record	3
International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics	3
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment	3
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review	2
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice	2
Transport Policy	2
Journal of Transport Geography	2
European Transport Research Review	1
European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research	1
International Journal of Transport Economics	1
Transportation Letters	1
Maritime transport
Maritime Policy and Management	20
Maritime Economics and Logistics	4
Journal of Maritime Research	1
Marine Policy	1
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs	1
Miscellaneous
Sustainability	1
British Food Journal	1
Carbon Management	1
Transport	1
Total	58

Figure 2. Distribution of articles reviewed by year of publication, 1990–2017.

Table 3. Authors, methods, and regions or countries of focus.

Author(s) and year of publication	Method	Region or country of focus*
Literature review
Paixao and Marlow (2002)	Literature research	Europe
Brooks and Frost (2004)	Literature research	Canada
Sanchez and Wilmsmeier (2005)	Literature research	Central America
Paixao and Marlow (2007)	Literature research	Europe
Baird (2007)	Literature research	Europe
Medda and Trujillo (2010)	Literature research	Europe
Baindur and Viegas (2011)	Literature research	Europe
Douet and Cappuccilli (2011)	Literature research	Europe
Aperte and Baird (2013)	Literature research	Europe
Suárez-Alemán (2016)	Literature research	Europe
Mathematical models
Ng (2009)	Integer programming	Europe
Chang et al. (2010)	Linear programming model	South Korea
Tsamboulas, Moraiti, and Vlahogianni (2010)	Probabilistic model	Europe
Holmgren, Nikopoulou, Ramstedt, and Woxenius (2014)	TAPAS simulation model	Europe
Suárez-Alemán and Hernandez (2014)	Non-linear programming	Europe
Juste and Ghiara (2015)	Gravity simulation model	Europe
Rodrigues et al. (2015)	Simulation model	Europe
Survey
Paixao and Marlow (2005)	Survey	Europe
Paixao and Marlow (2009)	Survey	Europe
Feo, Espino, and García (2011)	Survey	Europe
Morales-Fusco, Saurí, and De Melo (2013)	Survey	Europe
Case study
Hjelle (2010)	Case Study	Europe
Hjelle (2011)	Case Study	Europe
Corbett et al. (2012)	Case study	USA
Hjelle (2014)	Case study	Europe
Bergqvist, Turesson, and Weddmark (2015)	Case study	Europe
Galati et al. (2016)	Case Study	Europe
Mixed methods
D'Este and Meyrick (1992)	Interviews and stated preference survey	Australia
D'Este (1992)	Literature research and stated preference survey	Australia
Becker, Burgess, and Henstra (2004)	Case study, literature research and interviews	Europe
Bergantino and Bolis (2008)	Interviews and adaptive stated preference technique	Europe
Brooks and Trifts (2008)	Survey and discrete choice methods	Canada
Perakis and Denisis (2008)	Literature research and SWOT analysis	USA
Garcia-Menendez and Feo-Valero (2009)	Interviews and disaggregate behavioural model	Europe
Lee, Hu, and Chen (2010)	External cost models and Interviews	Taiwan
Bendall and Brooks (2011)	Literature research and interviews	Australia, Canada, USA
Notteboom (2011)	Survey and comparative price analysis	Europe
Puckett, Hensher, Brooks, and Trifts (2011)	Survey and generalised mixed logit model	Canada, USA
Baindur and Viegas (2012)	Case study, interviews and simulation model	Europe
Brooks, Puckett, Hensher, and Sammons (2012)	Survey and stated choice experiment	Australia
Nealer, Matthews, and Hendrickson (2012)	Input–output analysis and life-cycle assessment	USA
Perez-Mesaa, Galdeano-Gomez, and Salinas-Andujar (2012)	Survey and AHP technique	Europe
Sambracos and Maniati (2012)	Case study and generalised cost methods	Europe
Woxenius (2012)	Case study, literature research and interviews	Europe
López-Navarro (2013)	Survey and partial least squares (PLS) analysis	Europe
Panagakos, Stamatopoulou, and Psaraftis (2014)	Case study and modal split model	Europe
Tsamboulas, Chiappetta, Moraiti, and Karousos (2015a)	Case study and cost benefit analysis (CBA)	Europe
Suárez-Alemán, Campos, and Jiménez (2015a)	Case study and generalised cost method	Europe
Tsamboulas, Lekka, and Rentziou (2015b)	Case study, four-step model and CBA	Europe
Zis and Psaraftis (2017)	Case study, modal split model	Europe
Other methods
Baird (1999)	Interviews	Europe, Japan
Saldanha and Gray (2002)	Delphi-type survey	Europe
Tsamboulas, Vrenken, and Lekka (2007)	Macro-scan approach	Europe
Morales-Fusco, Saurí, and Lago (2012)	Cost model	Europe
Martell, Martínez, and Martínez de Oses (2013)	DETCCM algorithm	Europe
López-Navarro (2014)	Marco Polo calculator's coefficients	Europe
Kotowska (2016)	External cost model	Europe
Suárez-Alemán, Trujillo, and Medda (2015b)	Theoretical model	Europe

*Country or region to which the research applies.

Figure 3. Distribution of the geographical location of the affiliated institutions of the authors.

Number of contributions by country: Spain including Canary Islands (13); Greece (6); the United Kingdom (5); Australia and the United States (4); Canada, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden (3 each) France, India, and Italy (2 each); and Belgium, Chile, China, Denmark, South Korea, the Netherlands, Poland, and Taiwan (1 each).

Table 4. Articles highlighting drivers of the competitiveness of short sea shipping (SSS).

Author(s) and year of publication	Driver groups and drivers
	D1. Financial			D2. Capacity					D3. Operational
	Lower required investment in infrastructure	Cost-effectiveness	Economies of scale	Underused shipping capacity	Availability of sufficiently long sea lanes	Capacity to carry large industrial unit loads	SSS as a new alternative	Easy to expand transportation network capacity	High energy efficiency	Flexible operating hours
Baird (1999)	•
Paixao and Marlow (2002)	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•
Brooks and Frost (2004)				•
Sanchez and Wilmsmeier (2005)	•
Perakis and Denisis (2008)	•		•					•	•
Medda and Trujillo (2010)		•					•			•
Bendall and Brooks (2011)					•
Morales-Fusco et al. (2013)			•	•
Total	4	2	3	3	2	1	1	1	2	2

Author(s) and year of publication	Driver groups and drivers
	D4. External					D5. Regulatory			D6. Other
	Reduced air pollution	Fewer accidents	Less congestion	Fewer noise emissions	Higher safety in dangerous goods transport	Imposition of eco-taxes and carbon taxes on truck fuels	Imposition of more road tolls	Reduced hours of service by truck drivers	Alliances with trucking industry and port authorities
Baird (1999)			•						•
Paixao and Marlow (2002)	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•
Brooks and Frost (2004)	•		•
Sanchez and Wilmsmeier (2005)	•					•	•		•
Perakis and Denisis (2008)	•		•	•	•				•
Medda and Trujillo (2010)	•		•	•
Bendall and Brooks (2011)	•		•			•	•	•	•
Morales-Fusco et al. (2013)
Total	6	1	6	3	2	3	2	2	5

Table 5. Articles highlighting barriers to the modal shift from road haulage to intermodal short sea shipping (SSS).

Author(s) and year of publication	Barrier groups and barriers
	B1. Service quality					B2. Financial		B3. Technical
	Longer lead times at ports and in transit and slower speeds	Lower reliability	Lower frequency	Additional cargo-handling costs	Capital intensity of SSS industry	Additional inventory costs for shippers	High labour costs	Incompatibility of equipment and ICT systems	Complicated customs clearance rules	Absence of integrated management systems	Lack of robust strategy in SSS firms	Lack of innovation and R&D activities
Baird (1999)	•
Paixao and Marlow (2002)	•	•	•	•		•		•		•	•	•
Saldanha and Gray (2002)	•		•		•			•		•	•	•
Brooks and Frost (2004)	•			•
Paixao and Marlow (2005)	•	•							•		•	•
Sanchez and Wilmsmeier (2005)								•
Perakis and Denisis (2008)	•	•		•				•		•
Medda and Trujillo (2010)	•		•			•
Bendall and Brooks (2011)		•		•			•		•
Baindur and Viegas (2011)					•			•
Martell et al. (2013)	•								•
Morales-Fusco et al. (2013)	•
Total	9	4	3	4	2	2	1	5	3	3	3	3

Author(s) and year of publication	Barrier groups and barriers
	B4. Communication				B5. Service and market				B6. Regulatory			B7. Administrative
	Poor industry image	Poor marketing activities by SS firms	Weak communication by SSS firms	Insufficient information available to SSS users	Poor port– hinterland connectivity	Lack of SSS integration into door-to-door transport chain	Shortage of RoRo vessels in the spot market	Volatility of transport demand	Construction of road infrastructure for trucking	Inconsistent policies	Imposition of taxes in SSS sector	Complex documentary and administrative procedures
Baird (1999)									•
Paixao and Marlow (2002)	•	•	•	•	•	•						•
Saldanha and Gray (2002)		•		•	•	•
Brooks and Frost (2004)								•		•
Paixao and Marlow (2005)	•
Sanchez and Wilmsmeier (2005)		•		•	•					•
Perakis and Denisis (2008)	•									•	•
Medda and Trujillo (2010)	•				•	•						•
Bendall and Brooks (2011)											•
Baindur and Viegas (2011)							•	•		•
Martell et al. (2013)												•
Morales-Fusco et al. (2013)
Total	4	3	1	3	4	3	1	2	1	4	2	3

Table 6. Articles addressing the relative performance of intermodal SSS and road haulage.

Author(s) and year of publication	Economic performance	Service quality performance	Environmental performance
D'Este and Meyrick (1992)		•
D'Este (1992)		•
Bergantino and Bolis (2008)		•
Brooks and Trifts (2008)		•
Ng (2009)	•	•
Chang et al. (2010)	•	•
Hjelle (2010)			•
Lee et al. (2010)	•
Feo et al. (2011)	•	•
Hjelle (2011)			•
Puckett et al. (2011)		•
Brooks et al. (2012)		•
Corbett et al. (2012)			•
Morales-Fusco et al. (2012)	•	•
Nealer et al. (2012)			•
Perez-Mesaa et al. (2012)	•	•
Sambracos and Maniati (2012)		•
Martell et al. (2013)	•	•
Hjelle (2014)			•
López-Navarro (2014)	•
Juste and Ghiara (2015)	•	•
Rodrigues et al. (2015)			•
Suárez-Alemán et al. (2015a)	•	•
Tsamboulas et al. (2015b)	•	•
Galati et al. (2016)	•	•
Kotowska (2016)	•
Total	13	17	6

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