COVID-19 passenger transport measures and their impacts

Figures & data

Table A1. COVID-19 transport measures and their impacts (social, economic, environmental) on common policy goals.

Strategy Policy measures	Policy Goals
	Physical health and safety	Mental health	Economy	(Environmental) Sustainability
Avoid (public and shared transport)
Require closure of non-essential services	Reduced transmission of virus/lives saved Less health damage from air pollution, accidents, noise	Lower subjective well-being and life satisfaction levels	Job/income loss Business losses Student disadvantage Online business growth	Lower GHG emissions and energy use
Request for tele-activities (e.g. work from home, teleconferences, etc)		Higher/lower subjective well-being and life satisfaction levels Higher social inequity	Reduced /increased productivity Income loss	Lower GHG emissions and energy use Higher household energy use
Travel restrictions (e.g. stay-at-home requests, travel restrictions, travel ban, curfew)	Reduced transmission of virus Less health damage from air pollution, accidents, noise, but reduced physical health from inactivity	Lower subjective well-being and life satisfaction levels Increased psychological distress	Job/income loss Business losses Online business growth Economic segregation	Lower GHG emissions, energy use and noise pollution Higher household energy use
Shift (from public or shared transport to other modes to compensate lost capacity)
Promote micromobility (e.g. increase capacity of bike or scooter sharing; reallocate street space)	Less transmission of the virus, and therefore less damage to health Less damage to health due to air pollution, noise More or less accidents	Higher subjective well-being and life satisfaction levels	Losses for the transport sector, especially public transport, Benefits for travellers through additional possibilities for travel	Lower GHG emissions, energy use and noise pollution
Promote active transport (e.g. expand bike lanes, reduce speed limit)	Less transmission of the virus, and therefore less damage to health Health benefits through more exercise Less damage to health due to air pollution, noise More or less accidents
Improve (quality and safety of public and shared transport)
Ensure adequate social distance space in public transport (e.g. maximum number of passenger per vehicle; clearly mark passenger spacing requirements in vehicles/ stations / stops)	Reduced transmission of virus	Reduced psychological distress	Maintain essential functioning of economy Increased costs	Lower GHG emissions and noise pollution
Improved hygiene (e.g. disinfection, facemasks)
Capacity Management (e.g. advanced ticket purchase, staggered access Increased frequency of public transport via popup bus lanes; additional fleet)

Figure A1. Links between measures and impacts.

Table A2. Databases of COVID-19 transport measures.

Database	Description
ACAPS	Data on all types of coronavirus measures worldwide (e.g. public health measures, social distancing, governance) including transport measures.
Oxford OxGCRT	Tracks and compares worldwide government responses to COVID-19
EU COVID-19 transport measures	Database on transport measures in member states
IRU	Database on impact on freight and passenger transport (updated regularly)
ITF	Measures for road passenger and freight transport in ITF member countries
Covid Mobility Works	Mobility responses to COVID-19
UNECE	Databases on impacts of Covid-19 on road, rail, maritime transport and border crossings
Pedbike	Dataset on local actions to support walking and cycling during social distancing

Table A3. Results of literature search.

Phase 1: June–October 2020s
	Grey	Academic
Initial selection	279	312
After screening	n/a	172
Included in paper	67	51
Phase 2: Update, May 2021
Initial selection	1	110
After screening	n/a	86
Included in paper	1	40
Total relevant	280	258
Total included in paper	62	91