What influences people to choose ridesharing? An overview of the literature

Figures & data

Figure 1. Literature selection process.

Table 1. List of motivating factor codes for ridesharing behaviour.

Research levels	Primary codes	Secondary codes	Core categories
Demographic factors	Young people are more likely to share a ride Lack of car access for young people Low enthusiasm about car ownership	Young people	Socio-demographic characteristics
	Women are more likely riders Reducing stress when transporting children	Women
	Single-parent families need more ridesharing support	Single-parent families
	Low- and middle-income groups are more likely to share a ride	Low- and middle-income groups
	Highly educated people are more likely to share a ride	Highly educated people
	Ridesharing for educational purposes Commuting to work and school are common uses	College students	Social roles
	Immigrants without a driver’s license The financial burden of immigration	Immigrants
	Share a ride based on a common identity Share a ride based on a group identity Share a ride with colleagues or classmates	People with a common identity
	Public transport users are more likely to share a ride The substitution effect of ridesharing on public transport and taxis	Public transport users	External transport conditions
	Taxi users are more likely to share a ride	Taxi users
	High percentage of non-owners using ridesharing Low car ownership generates more ridesharing trips	People without cars
	Many changes in travel plans	Changes in travel plans
	High building density in the residential environment Low land use diversity	Neighbourhood environment	Neighbourhood environment
Psychological factors	Positive attitude towards new technologies Innovative personality traits	Personal innovation traits	Positive attitudes
	A strong perception of ridesharing Influenced by family and friends	Positive perceptions
	Information sharing between passengers and drivers Fixed amount of travel Reliable digital platform	Trust in service
	Lower price per mile to share a ride Economic benefits are a great advantage of ridesharing	Cost saving	Utilitarian values
	Passengers can save commuting time Save travel time with high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes	Time saving
	Passengers carrying heavy items are not comfortable travelling on public transport More flexible than public transport Easy to use ridesharing applications	Convenience
	Increased comfort of travelling by car Relieves commuting stress	Comfort	Hedonic values
	Getting a good emotional experience Gaining psychological comfort as a passenger	Pleasure
	Sharing a ride with like-minded people Making new friends on trips	Social experience
	Sharing a ride out of altruism Building a good personal image	Altruism
Situational factors	Contributing to sustainable development Reducing carbon emissions Strong environmental awareness	Sustainability concept	Sustainability
	Popularity of mobile devices Use of GPS, cloud computing, and other technologies	Information technology development	Technological progress
	Large Internet user base Large market size of the sharing economy	Large user base
	HOV lanes available Tax incentive policy Positive publicity from the transport sector	Policy incentives	Incentives
	Issuance of point rewards and discounts from the service provider	Discount incentives
	High demand for vehicles during peak hours Relieving road congestion	Optimizing the matching of supply and demand	Practical applications
	One-stop service in extreme weather Third-party platforms to regulate driver behaviour Avoids haphazard charges and detours	Overcoming the drawbacks of traditional transport

Table 2. List of barrier codes for ridesharing behaviour.

Research levels	Primary codes	Secondary codes
Demographic factors	Old people have difficulty using ridesharing apps Old people prefer to communicate with people they know People who live alone are less likely to adopt ridesharing Married people do not prefer to share a ride with someone of the opposite sex High income earners are less likely to share a ride	Socio-demographic characteristics
	Owning a private car College students can take the school bus Families with children tend to prefer car sharing	Alternative options
Psychological factors	Aversion against being disturbed by others Lack of knowledge about ridesharing Experiences of racial discrimination Unpleasant ridesharing experiences	Personal concerns
	Fear of misuse of personal information Users’ real time and location information may be compromised Cyber security attacks	Privacy risks
	Reasonableness of surcharge Increase in travel time Detouring to pick up extra passengers Driver unfamiliar with road conditions	Performance risks
	Concerns about potential illegal behaviour Robbery and traffic accidents Experience of ridesharing safety incidents Harassment of women	Security risks
Situational factors	The special positioning of intermediary platforms Regulatory ambiguity Inadequate accident compensation mechanism	Regulatory risks
	Female ridesharing is unlikely in Islamic societies Restrictions on private cars are not accepted Ridesharing is associated with social exclusion	Cultural differences
	Reduce the frequency of trips Shift to separate ride services	Impact of COVID-19

Table 3. List of boundary conditions coded for ridesharing behaviour.

Primary codes	Secondary codes	Core categories
Spending extra travel time	Time loss	Cost-time trade-offs
30–40% cost benefit	Cost benefits
Time-sensitive vs. cost-sensitive Long-term customers care about time while new customers care about price Declining demand for ridesharing may be related to narrowed price gap	Losses and gains
Security of privacy Security of personal property	Perceived risks	Perceived risk-perceived value trade-offs
Time saving than public transport Cost reduction Social acceptance	Perceived values
Young people are less concerned about perceived risk and more interested in value Trade-off between price paid and access to services	Risks and values

Figure 2. Research framework for passenger ridesharing behaviour.