Public policy instruments to promote freight modal shift in Europe: evidence from evaluations

Figures & data

Table 1. Primary categories and sub-categories of policy instruments.

Administrative	Economic	Information
Agreement	Fee	Advising
Infrastructure planning	Funding of infrastructure	Development research
Inspection	Grant
Legislation	Subsidy
Limit	Tax
	Tax deduction
	Toll/vignette

Figure 1. Targeted transport mode by public policy instrument (%).

Table 2. Primary categories and sub-categories of public policy instruments (%).

Administrative	21%	Economic	70%	Information	9%
Legislation	12%	Grant	35%	Development research	6%
Infrastructure planning	5%	Subsidy	19%	Advising	2%
Limit	2%	Toll/vignette	8%
Agreement	1%	Funding of infrastructure	4%
Inspection	1%	Fee	1%
		Tax	1%
		Tax deduction	1%

Table 3. - Evaluated policy instruments.

Name of the Public Policy Instrument	Region / country	Promotion of transport mode	Primary category (sub-category)	References regarding policy performance
Connecting Europe Facility (CEF)	European Union	Rail and Water	Economic (funding of infrastructure)	(European Commission, 2018)
Directive 1992/62 and 2011/76/EU – Eurovignette	European Union	Road discourage	Administrative (legislation)	(European Commission, 2013)
Directive 92/106/EEC – Combined Transport of goods between Member States	European Union	Rail and Water	Administrative (legislation)	(European Commission, 2016a, 2016b)
EU Regulation 561/2006 – Rest periods on rolling/floating roads and social legislation relating to road transport	European Union	Rail and Water	Administrative (legislation)	(Windisch et al., 2016)
EU Regulation 913/2010 – European rail network for competitive freight	European Union	Rail	Administrative (legislation)	(European Commission, 2016c)
European Shortsea Network – (Evaluation for the Norwegian Short Sea Promotion Centre)	European Union	Water	Information (development research)	(Askildsen, 2005)
Marco Polo I and II	European Union	Rail and Water	Economic (grant)	(Europe Economics, 2011; European Court of Auditors., 2013; Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA), 2020)
Motorways of the Sea	European Union	Water	Economic (grant)	(ICF et al., 2017)
NAIADES – Navigation and Inland Waterway Action and Development in Europe	European Union	Water	Administrative (infrastructure planning)	(European Commission, 2011a; European Court of Auditors, 2015)
National Aid – “The Mode Shift Revenue Support – MSRS”	Great Britain	Rail and Water	Economic (grant)	(Department for Transport, 2020, 2014).
National Aid – “The Waterborne Freight Grant Scheme”	Great Britain	Water	Economic (grant)	(Department for Transport, 2014, 2020; European Commission, 2020a)
National Aid – Freight Facilities Grant – FFG	Great Britain	Rail and Water	Economic (grant)	(Woodburn, 2007)
Shift2Rail	European Union	Rail	Information (development research)	(Fontanel et al., 2017)
State aid to transfer goods to rail – the Province of Emilia Romagna	Italy (Emilia Romagna Region)	Rail	Economic (subsidy)	(European Commission, 2014a, 2019a).
State aid to transfer goods from road to rail “Ferrobonus”	Italy	Rail	Economic (subsidy)	(European Commission, 2020b, 2016d, 2011b)
State Aid – to transfer goods from road to rail “Nuovo Ferrobonus”	Italy	Rail	Economic (subsidy)	(European Commission, 2019b; Marzano et al., 2018)
State Aid – to transfer goods from road to water “Ecobonus”	Italy	Water	Economic (subsidy)	(European Commission, 2012; RAM, 2019; Tsamboulas et al., 2015)
State Aid – to transfer goods from road to rail “Miljökompensation”	Sweden	Rail	Economic (grant)	(Swedish Transport Administration, 2020)
State Aid – Financial support for rail operations	Austria	Rail	Economic (grant)	(European Commission, 2017b)
Trans European Transport Network (TEN-T)	European Union	Rail and Water	Economic (funding of infrastructure)	(European Commission, 2020c; Steer Davis Gleave, 2011)

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