Modelling parking behaviour of commercial vehicles: a scoping review

Figures & data

Table 1. Study search keywords.

Item	Keywords
Method	Model/models/modeling/modelling
Outcome	Parking
	Parking behaviour/behavior
	Parking choice
	Parking location
	Parking type
	Parking dwell time/duration/period
	Loading/unloading zone/area/bay
Population	Commercial vehicle
	Truck
	Van/minivan
	Lorry
	Heavy vehicle/heavy goods vehicle/HGV
	Light goods vehicle/LGV
	Freight vehicle
	Heavy duty vehicle
	Light duty vehicle
	Utility vehicle
	Service vehicle
	Long haul vehicle
	Trailer/tractor/tractor trailer/tractor-trailer

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram of study search and selection processes.

Table 2. General characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Country	Study setting	Outcome(s)	Method(s)
Munuzuri et al. (2002)	Spain	Hypothetical Manhattan-style network	Parking location/type	Simulation
Sharman et al. (2012)	Canada	Greater Toronto & Hamilton Area	Parking duration	Survival analysis
Kawamura et al. (2014)	United States	City of Chicago	Illegal parking	Regression analysis
Nourinejad et al. (2014)	Canada	Downtown Toronto	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling Simulation
Gatta and Marcucci (2014)	Italy	Limited traffic zone in city of Rome	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling
Wenneman et al. (2015)	Canada	Downtown Toronto	Illegal parking	Regression analysis
Marcucci et al. (2015)	Italy	Limited traffic zone in city of Rome	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling
Rosenfield et al. (2016)	Canada	City of Toronto	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling
Gatta and Marcucci (2016)	Italy	Limited traffic zone in city of Rome	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling
Zou et al. (2016)	United States	Manhattan Area	Parking duration Stopping frequency	Survival analysis Regression analysis
Holguin-Veras (2016)	United States	Midtown Manhattan	Parking search time Illegal parking	Simulation
Dalla Chiara et al. (2017)	Singapore	Urban retail mall	Queue time at loading bays Illegal parking	Simulation
Amer and Chow (2017)	Canada	Downtown Toronto	Illegal parking	Equilibrium analysis
Nourinejad and Roorda (2017)	Canada	Downtown Toronto	Illegal parking	Inspection game modelling
Dalla Chiara and Cheah (2017)	Singapore	Urban retail mall	Parking duration Queue time at loading bays	Regression analysis
Anderson et al. (2018)	United States	Highways in Pacific Northwest region	Illegal parking	Discrete-choice modelling
Schmid et al. (2018)	United States	City of New York	Parking duration	Survival analysis
Girón-Valderrama et al. (2019)	United States	Downtown Seattle	Parking location/type Parking duration	Quantitative analysis
Lopez et al. (2019)	France	City of Lyon	Parking search time	Simulation
Low et al. (2020)	Singapore	Urban retail mall	Parking duration	Machine learning
Mahmud et al. (2020)	United States	State of Arkansas inter-city highways	Parking duration	Machine learning
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2020)	Singapore	Singapore	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling Simulation
Seya et al. (2020)	Japan	Sanyo & Chugoku Expressways	Parking duration	Regression analysis
Dalla Chiara et al. (2020)	Singapore	Urban retail mall	Parking location/type	Discrete-choice modelling Simulation
Dalla Chiara and Goodchild (2020)	United States	Downtown Seattle	Parking search time	Regression analysis
Dalla Chiara et al. (2021)	United States	City of Seattle	Parking location/type Parking duration Parking search time	Quantitative analysis
Kim et al. (2021)	United States	Urban mixed-use developments	Parking duration	Regression analysis
Kim and Wang (2021)	United States	City of New York	Illegal parking	Regression analysis
Abhishek et al. (2021)	Australia	Hypothetical network of urban streets	Illegal parking	Queue analysis
Castrellon et al. (2023)	Spain,	Freight loading zones in the city of Vic	Parking duration	Machine learning
Alho et al. (2022)	Singapore	Urban retail mall	Parking location/type Parking duration	Simulation
Dalla Chiara et al. (2022)	United States	City of Seattle	Parking search time	Regression analysis
Kalahasthi et al. (2022)	Spain	Freight loading zones in the city of Vic	Vehicle arrival rate Parking duration	Regression analysis Survival analysis
Mjøsund and Hovi (2022)	Norway	Cities of Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, Kristiansand, Drammen & Tromsø	Parking duration	Quantitative analysis

Table 3. Basic components of discrete-choice models developed by included studies.

Study	Decision(s)	Decision-maker(s)	Choice set	Model(s)
Nourinejad et al. (2014)	Parking location	Vehicle driver	Park in available location Do not park in available location	BNL
Gatta and Marcucci (2014)	Loading bay policy	Owner-operator Retailer Transport provider	Loading/unloading bay policy (capacity, availability & fee)	MNL
Marcucci et al. (2015)	Loading bay policy	Transport provider	Loading/unloading bay policy (capacity, availability & fee)	MNL MN-LC
Rosenfield et al. (2016)	Purchasing a parking permit	Vehicle owner	Purchase parking permit Do not purchase parking permit	NL
	Parking type	Vehicle driver	Legal parking Illegal parking
Gatta and Marcucci (2016)	Loading bay policy	Retailer Transport provider	Loading/unloading bay policy (capacity, availability & fee)	MNL
Anderson et al. (2018)	Issue with finding parking	Vehicle driver	Issues finding parking No issues finding parking	ML
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2020)	Overnight parking location & type	Vehicle owner	Public parking lot Open-access private parking lot Closed-access private parking lot	MNL
Dalla Chiara et al. (2020)	Parking type	Vehicle driver	Loading/unloading bay Mall's car park Double parking	MNL ML
Alho et al. (2022)	Parking type	Vehicle driver	Loading/unloading bay Mall's car park Double parking	MNL

Table 4. Characteristics of simulation models developed by included studies.

Study	Model	Parking resources	Scenarios	Metrics
Munuzuri et al. (2002)	Agent-based: Hypothetical city-wide traffic model	General on-street parking spaces, cruising, loading bays & double parking	None	Parking assignments
Nourinejad et al. (2014)	Discrete event: Pear hour downtown traffic model	General on-street parking & loading bays	Restricted/unrestricted freight access and parking	Parking assignments Average parking search time Average access time Average walking time Total network travel time
Holguin-Veras (2016)	Discrete event: Regional freight traffic model	General on-street parking, loading bays & double parking	Increase/decrease parking supply Increase/decrease parking duration	Average parking search time Average walking distance
Dalla Chiara et al. (2017)	Discrete event: Queue system of retail mall's parking facilities	Loading bays, off-street garage & double parking	Efficient/inefficient goods handling	Total queue time at loading bays Fraction of vehicles parked outside loading bays
Lopez et al. (2019)	Agent-based: City-wide traffic model	Freight loading zones	None	Average parking search time
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2020)	Agent-based: City-wide freight traffic model	Overnight public or private parking facilities	Enhanced distribution of overnight parking supply	Parking assignments Vehicle tours Total vehicle-kilometres travelled
Dalla Chiara et al. (2020)	Discrete event: Queue system of retail mall's parking facilities	Loading bays, off-street garage & double parking	Less/more loading bays Free/paid parking Increase/decrease parking fine Low/high enforcement level Efficient/inefficient goods handling	Parking assignments Average queue time at loading bays Average delivery cost Total CO2 emissions
Alho et al. (2022)	Agent-based: City-wide traffic model	Loading bays, off-street garage & double parking	Increase capacity of loading bays Free parking Prohibit unauthorised parking Efficient goods handling Enhanced parking information & guidance	Parking assignments Parking duration Total queue length & time at parking facilities Total cost of travel & waiting time Total revenue from parking fees Total HGH emissions

Table 5. Summary of the effects of parking behaviour determinants.

		Parking behaviour outcome
	Determinant	Illegal parking	Legal parking	Parking duration	Parking Cruising	Queue time	Stopping frequency
Driver, vehicle & trip	Vehicle size	↑		↑			↑
	Vehicle age	↑
	Vehicle load		↑	↑			↓
	Trip length			↑	↑
	Time-of-day	↑		✓			✓
	Freight trips	↑
	Day-of-Week			✓
	No. of stops			↓
	Industry sector	✓		✓
	Facility usage frequency		↑	↑
	Distance to destination		↓	↓
	Distance to depot		↓
Parking alternative	Parking type		✓	✓
	Parking cost		↓
	Designated parking capacity/availability	↓	↑		↓	↓
	Permissible parking capacity/availability	↓		✓	↓	↓
	Unauthorised parking curb length	↑			↑
	Facility amenities availability		↑	✓
Activity & shipment	Activity time	↓	↑		↑	↑
	Activity purpose		✓	✓
	Shipment type		✓	✓			✓
	Shipment size	↓	↑	↑
	Deliveries per stop	↓	↑	↑
Built environment	Establishment sales	↑		↑
	Establishment count	↑		↑
	Employment	↑
	Built footprint	↑
	Resident vehicle ownership	↓
	Residential turnover	↑

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