Assessing transport network resilience: empirical insights from real-world data studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Transport network resilience and related concepts.

Figure 2. Evolution of transport networks’ performance under disruption based on Bruneau et al. (2003) and Gu et al. (2020).

Figure 3. Selection process of the 53 real data paper subsample.

Table 1. List of references by type of real-data use by mode of transport.

Means of transport analysed	Traffic Flow	Travel time	Spatial coordinates	Accidents	Travel cost^3	References
PRIVATE MEANS ON THE ROAD NETWORK (CAR, TAXI)	X					Chang & Nojima, 2001; Cox et al., 2011; Tsapakis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2016; Donovan & Work, 2017; Ganin et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2017; Fernandes et al., 2019; Ganin et al., 2019; Spyropoulou, 2020; Tang et al., 2020; Otuoze et al., 2021
		X				Tsapakis et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2016; Donovan & Work, 2017; Zhu et al., 2017; Spyropoulou, 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Niu et al., 2022;
			X			Hara & Kuwahara, 2015; Zhu et al., 2016; Donovan & Work, 2017; Zhu et al., 2017; Niu et al., 2022
				X		Matisziw et al., 2020
					X	Fernandes et al., 2019
RAILWAYS	X					Chang & Nojima, 2001; Cox et al., 2011; Dawson et al., 2016; Fernandes et al., 2019; Woodburn, 2019; Fabella & Szymczak, 2021
		X				Ferranti et al., 2016; Brazil et al., 2017; Janić, 2018; Chen & Wang, 2019; Büchel et al., 2020
				X		Ferranti et al., 2016
					X	Janić, 2018; Fernandes et al., 2019
METRO	X					Cox et al., 2011; D’Lima & Medda, 2015; Sun et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016; Loo & Leung, 2017; Zhu et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2018; Lu, 2018; Fernandes et al., 2019; Gao & Wang, 2021
		X				D’Lima & Medda, 2015; Sun et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2018; Lu, 2018
					X	Fernandes et al., 2019
BICYCLE	X					Cox et al., 2011; Fuller et al., 2012; Saberi et al., 2018; da Mata Martins et al., 2019; Fernandes et al., 2019; Younes et al., 2019; Azolin et al., 2020; Teixeira & Lopes, 2020; Cheng et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022
		X				Fuller et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2021; Saberi et al., 2018; Younes et al., 2019; Teixeira & Lopes, 2020; Yang et al., 2022
BUS SERVICES	X					Cox et al., 2011; Loo & Leung, 2017; Fernandes et al., 2019; Mudigonda et al., 2019
		X				Mudigonda et al., 2019
			X			Mudigonda et al., 2019
					X	Fernandes et al., 2019
MULTIMODAL NETWORKS	X					Jin et al., 2014; Azolin et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020; Auad et al., 2021; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
		X				Jin et al., 2014
					X	Auad et al., 2021; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
AIRWAYS	X					de Jong & Lieshout, 2021; Santos et al., 2021
		X				Janić, 2015; Chen & Wang, 2019; Wang et al., 2019; Zhou & Chen, 2020; de Jong & Lieshout, 2021;
			X			de Jong & Lieshout, 2021
WALKING	X					Loo & Leung, 2017; da Mata Martins et al., 2019
WATERWAYS	X					Baroud et al., 2014

Table 2. Methodology used for the identification of spatial patterns of resilience.

Methodology	Spatial pattern	Reference
Areal definition of matrices of expenditure and transport prices	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Fernandes et al., 2019
Areal OD trip assignment	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	da Mata Martins et al., 2019; Azolin et al., 2020;
	Different location of the hazards	Donovan & Work, 2017; Büchel et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020
Areal/point accessibility measurement	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Chang & Nojima, 2001; Jiang et al., 2018; Lu, 2018; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
	High vs low accessibility	Chang & Nojima, 2001
Gravity model and percolation theory	High vs low accessibility	Ganin et al., 2017, 2019
Optimisation algorithm for best localisation and response time	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Matisziw et al., 2020
Routes detections and spatial network analysis	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Hara & Kuwahara, 2015
	Different location of the hazards	Mudigonda et al., 2019
Spatio-temporal analysis of disruption effect	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Tsapakis et al., 2012; Ferranti et al., 2016
	Distance decay (proximity) to closest alternative mode	Saberi et al., 2018; Younes et al., 2019; Teixeira & Lopes, 2020; Yang et al., 2022
	Different location of the hazard	Büchel et al., 2020
Spatial characteristics as explanatory variables or conditions (e.g. observation subsets) in econometric modelling	Central/urban vs peripheral/rural	Zhu et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017; Spyropoulou, 2020
	High vs low accessibility	Santos et al., 2021; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
	Distance decay (proximity) to closest alternative mode	Younes et al., 2019; Teixeira & Lopes, 2020; Cheng et al., 2021
	Different location of the hazards	Janić, 2015; Dawson et al., 2016 (extrapolation); de Jong & Lieshout, 2021

Table 3. Methodology used for the identification of resilience influencing factors.

Methodology	Influential factor	Reference
Areal/point accessibility measurement	Redundancy	Jiang et al., 2018 (bus to metro), Lu, 2018 (infrastructural redundancy);
Areal OD trip assignment	Redundancy	da Mata Martins, 2019 (bicycle to bus); Azolin et al., 2020 (bicycle to bus); Sun et al., 2020 (bus to road network)
	Institutional plans and management	Auad et al., 2021
Areal OD trip assignment and event detection	Institutional plans and management	Donovan & Work, 2017
	Congestion	Donovan & Work, 2017
Bayesian Network Model	Increase in socio-economic indicators	Tang et al., 2020
Diff-in-Diff estimator-based prediction	Institutional plans and management	de Jong & Lieshout, 2021
Friability and vulnerability analysis	Redundancy	Mudigonda et al., 2019 (infrastructural redundancy)
	Institutional plans and management	Mudigonda et al., 2019
Fuzzy inference	Redundancy	Serulle et al., 2011 (infrastructural redundancy)
Gravity model and percolation theory	Redundancy	Ganin et al., 2017 (metro to car, infrastructural redundancy)
In-depth interviews and surveys, case studies systematic analysis	Redundancy	Woodburn, 2019 (infrastructural redundancy)
	Provision of real time information	Loo & Leung, 2017
Influential factors as explanatory variables or conditions (e.g. observation subsets) in econometric modelling	Redundancy	Zhu et al., 2017 (bus to car); Younes et al., 2019 (bicycle to metro); Spyropoulou, 2020 (car to bus and metro); Teixeira & Lopes, 2020 (bicycle to metro); Zhou & Chen, 2020 (train to airlines); Cheng et al., 2021 (bicycle to metro)
	Institutional plans and management	Santos et al., 2021
	Climate change and intensity of disruption	Janić, 2015; Dawson et al., 2016 (extrapolation); Zhu et al., 2017; Zhou & Chen, 2020; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
	Congestion	Niu et al., 2022
	Increase in socio-economic indicators	Santos et al., 2021
Optimisation algorithm for best localisation and response time	Institutional plans and management	Matisziw et al., 2020
Predictions based on machine learning approaches	Increase in socio-economic indicators	Otuoze et al., 2021
Routes detections and spatial network analysis	Institutional plans and management	Hara & Kuwahara, 2015
	Congestion	Hara & Kuwahara, 2015
Shortest path optimisation	Redundancy	Jin et al., 2014 (bus to metro);
Spatio-temporal analysis of disruption effect	Redundancy	Fuller et al., 2012 (bicycle to metro); Saberi et al., 2018 (bicycle to metro); Teixeira & Lopes, 2020 (bicycle to metro); Yang et al., 2022 (bicycle to metro); Younes et al., 2019 (bicycle to metro)
Stated preferences analysis	Redundancy	Campisi et al., 2020 (bicycle to bus)
Time series analysis	Redundancy	Cox et al., 2011 (bicycle to bus); Loo & Leung, 2017 (bus and walking to car)

Figure 4. Sub-categorisation of the findings based on the 4R framework.

Table 4. List of references by type of disruption.

Class of disruption	Type of disruption	n	References
INTERNAL SHOCKS	Operational failure	2	Sun et al., 2016; Lu, 2018
EXTERNAL SHOCKS	Natural event	18	Chang & Nojima, 2001; Dawson et al., 2016; Hara & Kuwahara, 2015; Janić, 2015; Ferranti et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016; Donovan & Work, 2017; Zhu et al., 2017; Janić, 2018; Mudigonda et al., 2019; Woodburn, 2019; Büchel et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhou & Chen, 2020; Fabella & Szymczak, 2021; Niu et al., 2022; Safitri & Chikaraishi, 2022
	Strikes	6	Fuller et al., 2012; Tsapakis et al., 2012; Saberi et al., 2018; de Jong & Lieshout, 2021; Spyropoulou, 2020; Yang et al., 2022
	Pandemic	4	Campisi et al., 2020; Teixeira & Lopes, 2020; Auad et al., 2021; Santos et al., 2021
	Maintenance work	2	Younes et al., 2019; Cheng et al., 2021
	Incidents	1	Matisziw et al., 2020
	Protest	1	Loo & Leung, 2017
	Terroristic attack	1	Cox et al., 2011

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