Instruments of lesson-drawing: comparing the knowledge brokerage of the OECD and the World Bank

Figures & data

Table 1. Sampled documents.

IO	Reviews of National Policies for Education	Education Policy Outlook	Systems Approach for Better Education
	1998–2020	2015–2019	2009–2021
OECD	60	71
World Bank			145

Table 2. Multinomial logistic regression model of the IO coverage of countries.

	Covered by:
	The OECD only vs. both	The OECD only vs. World Bank only
Income (Ref. high-income)
Low-income	−16.182 (1050.431)	−18.330 (1050.431)
Lower-middle income	−3.367 (1.304)***	−4.366 (1.109)***
Upper-middle income	−2.962 (0.786)***	−2.625 (0.628)***
Constant	2.269 (0.606)***	1.421 (0.421)***
Pseudo R	0.30
Observations	121
Log-likelihood	−82.951

Note: *p < 0.1; **p < .05; ***p < .01

Table 3. IO coverage of countries by regional affiliation in percentage.

Type	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Total
OECD	3.12	35.71	12.12	67.57	28.57	30.08
World Bank	93.75	50.00	72.73	2.70	71.43	54.47
Both	3.13	14.29	15.15	29.73	0	15.45

Note: χ² = 67.54, p < .001

Table 4. Descriptive statistics on the references in the OECD and World Bank reports.

IO	N of references	N of the countries referenced	Avg. N of references per report	Avg. N of countries referenced per report
OECD	23008	167	292	52.9
World Bank	5917	143	37.5	16

Figure 1. Reference frequency over time with reform frequency.

Figure 2. Reference coverage of the OECD and the World Bank. Note. The dotted countries were not referenced at all by either IO.

Figure 3. Predicted probabilities of references in IO reports.

Table A1. Multinomial regression model of policy references in IO reports.

	References from both IOs vs. no references				References from the OECD vs. no references				References from the World Bank vs. no references				References from the OECD vs. the World Bank
	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3				Model 4
Predictors	Coef.		Std. Err.	P > z	Coef.		Std. Err.	P > z	Coef.		Std. Err.	P > z	Coef.		Std. Err.	P < z
Report from OECD	1.418	***	(0.46)	0.000	1.038	***	(0.35)	0.004	1.199		(0.73)	0.105	−0.004		(0.62)	0.230
Report from the World Bank	0.222		(0.45)	0.625	−0.157		(0.41)	0.707	0.987	***	(0.33)	0.004	−0.685	***	(0.25)	0.000
Electoral Democracy	3.978	***	(0.96)	0.000	2.072	***	(0.52)	0.000	1.497	***	(0.57)	0.009	1.024		(0.41)	0.114
High income	Reference		–	–	–		–	–	–		–	–	Reference	–	–	–
Upper middle income	−.166		(0.55)	0.763	−0.790	***	(0.30)	0.009	0.499		(0.35)	0.164	−0.430	**	(0.36)	0.040
Lower middle income	−0.598		(0.70)	0.396	−1.293	***	(0.36)	0.000	0.806	*	(0.42)	0.059	−.835	*	(0.29)	0.054
Low income	−.795	*	(1.06)	0.092	−.238	**	(0.49)	0.012	1.177	**	(0.52)	0.025	−.965	***	(0.33)	0.003
N of reforms	0.07		(0.04)	0.14	0.016		(0.02)	0.573	−.069		(0.06)	0.287	−.034		(0.02)	0.101
Tracking	−.691		(0.52)	0.184	−.132		(0.29)	0.655	0.461		(0.29)	0.118	−.095		(0.18)	0.607
PISA	1.227	***	(0.39)	0.002	0.381	**	(0.18)	0.039	0.516	**	(0.28)	0.067	0.481	***	(0.15)	0.002
Primary enrolment	0.016	*	(0.00)	0.077	0.015	***	(0.00)	0.003	0.006		(0.00)	0.268	0.009	***	(0.00)	0.003
Post-secondary enrolment	0.066	***	(0.02)	0.001	0.051	***	(0.01)	0.00	0.025	**	(0.01)	0.065	0.029	***	(0.00)	0.000
Time	−.454		(3.48)	0.897	−.302	***	(0.09)	0.001	47.126	***	(4.89)	0.000	0.386	***	(0.07)	0.000
Time^2	0.256		(0.2)	0.199	0.059	***	(0.00)	0.000	−.454	***	(0.25)	0.000	−.029	***	(0.00)	0.000
Time^3	−.009	**	(0.00)	0.017	−.002	***	(0.00)	0.000	0.042	***	(0.00)	0.000	0.001	***	(0.00)	0.007
M1[Country]	1		(constrained)		0.565	***	(0.04)	0.000	0.397	***	(0.07)	0.000	1		(constrained)
(Intercept)	−4.676		(20.11)	0.22	−.617	***	(0.50)	0.000	−97.546	***	(30.48)	0.000	−.402		(0.36)	0.27
(Intercept 1 Model 4)													2.050	***	(0.07)	0.000
(Intercept 2 Model 4)													0.437	***	(0.08)	0.000
	Coef.		Std. Error										Coef-		Std.Error
var(M1[Country])	3.417		(0.661)										0.304		(0.07)
Number of obs	3144												3144
N of countries	131												131
Log likelihood	−988.06												−121.6142