The valuation of housing in low-amenity and low purchasing power city districts: social and economic value entangled by default

Figures & data

Table 1. Data collected during the project.

Interview subject	Organisation	Project role or wider urban development role
Project pre-study planners, two persons, Female	Private construction company	To provide the project team with relevant data and information to enable them to make informed decisions.
Main project leader, Male	Municipally-owned real estate company	To lead and coordinate all project activities.
Senior business developers, two persons, male and female	Private real estate company	To participate in project team to contribute expertise and potentially secure a construction contract.
Senior managers, two persons, Male	Science Park Organisation involved in urban development project	To bring expertise into urban development projects.
Senior business developer, Male	Municipally-owned real estate company	Top manage several local projects to increase tenant welfare, including activities for elderly tenants in the local city district.
Senior business developers, two persons, Male	Private real estate company	To participate in project teams to add expertise and potentially secure a building contract.
CEO, Female	Municipally-owned real estate company	To manage a significant proportion of the stock of rental units in the city, and in suburban city districts in particular.
Senior business developer, Male	Municipally-owned real estate company	To participate in project teams to add expertise and potentially secure a building contract.
Senior business developer, Male	Private real estate company	To participate in project teams to add expertise and potentially secure a building contract.
Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Male	Municipally-owned real estate company	To be accountable for the financial performance of a significant stock of rental units
City agency officer, Female	Real Estate Development Bureau, City administration agency	The agency determines how the available land owned by the city is used. Handles all contracts with construction companies.
CEO and senior manager, Male and Female	Municipally-owned real estate company	To manage the rental unit stock of a suburban city district, previously labelled “particularly socially vulnerable,” but recently taken off the police’s list.
City agency officer, Female	City administration agency	The agency manages commercial real estate units in, for example, town squares, shopping centres, and malls.
Academic researcher, Male	Local University	Well established senior researcher who has recently published a study of the challenges facing suburban city districts.
City agency officer, Female	Real Estate Development Bureau, City administration agency	The agency determines how the available land owned by the city is used. Handles all contracts with construction companies.

Table 2. Data collected during the project.

Data collection method	Total time
Interviews	23h
Project meeting participation	5.5h
Informal conversations with project team members	3.5h
In total:	32h

Table 3. First- and second-order coding exemplified on the basis of quotes included in the article.

First-order analysis, First step: Individual quotes	First-order analysis, Second step: co-location of quotes	Second-order analysis: Theoretical categories introduced
Quote 1 (cited in empirical section below) “These additional projects with job market initiatives and the social work and quality of schooling, and the police including all the security and criminality issues that need to be the main concern, to put all these things straight. Then we can make investments in new housing over time.” (Business manager, Municipally-owned housing development company, Male)	Shared theme: Construction projects needs to be anchored in concern for social welfare. Quote 1 “These additional projects with job market initiatives [etc.]” (Business manager, Municipally-owned housing development company, Male) Quote 2 “There’s a need for investment in social activities [etc.]” (Project pre-study coordinator #2, Female).	Theoretical proposition: Economic value is predicated on social welfare (and valuation), as substantiated by Diamond (2016) and Brueckner et al. (1999 in the case of the built environment, and in formal theoretical terms by, for instance, Aspers (2018).
Quote 2 (cited in empirical section below) “There’s a need for investment in social activities . . . A number of the collaborating parties need to move in lockstep,” she argued (Project pre-study coordinator #2, Female).

Diamond, R., 2016. The determinants and welfare implications of US workers’ diverging location Choices by skill: 1980–2000. American economic review, 106 (3), 479–524.

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Brueckner, J.K., Thisse, J.-F., and Zenou, Y., 1999. Why is central Paris rich and downtown Detroit poor?: an amenity-based theory. European economic review, 43 (1), 91–107.

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Aspers, P., 2018. Forms of uncertainty reduction: decision, valuation, and contest. Theory and Society, 47 (2), 133–149.

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