Longitudinal Trajectories of Identity Formation and Resilience Development in Adolescents Living in Under-Resourced Communities

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the sample regarding age, gender, and language.

		Frequency	%
Age	12	7	1.2
	13	40	7.1
	14	57	10.1
	15	93	16.9
	16	112	20.9
	17	118	16.7
	18	94	3.9
	19	22	1.1
	20	6	1.8
	21	10	.4
	22	2	.4
	23	2	.4
	24	1	.2
Gender	Male	269	47.7
	Female	295	52.3
Language	Setswana	542	96.1
	isiXhosa	14	2.5
	IsiZulu	3	.6
	Sesotho	2	.4
	Afrikaans	1	.2
	English	1	.2
	Shona	1	.2

Table 2. Reliability of identity and resilience subscales.

	Cronbach’s alpha
Variables	Time 1	Time 2	Time 3
Identity: Commitment Making	.845	.869	.883
Identity: Exploration in Breadth	.793	.807	.844
Identity: Ruminative Exploration	.706	.722	.773
Identity: Identification with Commitment	.827	.869	.896
Identity: Exploration in Depth	.664	.691	.705
Resilience	.788	.845	.845

Table 3. Results of one-way repeated measures ANOVA for the total group (N = 564).

Variable	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3
	$\overline{X}$	SD	$\overline{X}$	SD	$\overline{X}$	SD	Df	F	p	Eta²
Identity: Commitment Making	19.84	4.34	20.08	4.38	19.85	4.78	2;1126	.669	.513	.001
Identity: Exploration in Breadth	18.73	4.10	18.92	4.12	18.99	4.35	2;1126	.784	.457	.001
Identity: Ruminative Exploration	16.22	4.44	16.27	4.49	15.99	4.84	1.97;1111	.881^	.413	.002
Identity: Identification with Commitment	20.18	4.06	20.02	4.35	19.91	4.62	2;1126	.844	.430	.001
Identity: Exploration in Depth	17.48	3.91	17.67	4.00	17.33	4.14	2;1126	1.289	.276	.002
Resilience	84.55	7.34	81.91	8.63	82.66	8.57	2;1124	27.290**	.001	.046

**p < .001. ^Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used.

Figure 1. Changes in resilience over time.

Table 4. Results of two-way repeated measures ANOVA.

		Time 1		Time 2		Time 3		Df	F	p	Eta²
Variable	Resilience	$\overline{X}$	SD	$\overline{X}$	SD	$\overline{X}$	SD
Identity: Commitment Making	Low	19.20	3.98	19.43	4.49	18.99	5.27	1.95;552.4	.633^	.527	.002
	High	20.37	4.57	21.28	3.45	20.65	4.48
Identity: Exploration in Breadth	Low	18.09	4.04	18.37	4.24	18.52	4.48	2;568	.106	.900	.000
	High	19.21	4.38	19.37	3.81	19.36	4.38
Identity: Ruminative Exploration	Low	16.11	4.21	16.19	4.45	15.80	4.93	2;568	.231	.794	.001
	High	16.46	4.31	16.41	4.55	16.44	4.90
Identity: Identification with commitment	Low	19.18	4.27	18.95	4.33	18.79	4.76	2;568	.705	.495	.002
	High	20.80	4.14	21.23	3.63	20.69	4.65
Identity: Exploration in Depth	Low	16.38	3.68	16.87	4.21	16.94	4.06	2;568	2.62*	.073	.009
	High	18.57	4.09	18.44	3.73	17.76	4.33

*p < .10. ^Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used.

Table 5. Results of independent t-tests for two resilience groups of individuals over three time points

Time	Resilience	N	$\overline{X}$	SD	T	Df	p
Time 1	Low	139	16.38	3.68	−4.749**	284	.001
	High	147	18.57	4.09
Time 2	Low	139	16.87	4.21	−3.344**	284	.001
	High	147	18.44	3.73
Time 3	Low	139	16.94	4.06	−1.649*	284	.050
	High	147	17.76	4.33

**p < .01; *p ≤ .05.

Figure 2. Exploration in depth in participants with high and low resilience.

Data availability statement

The data supporting this study’s findings are available on request from the corresponding author.