Comparing Normative, Anecdotal, and Statistical Risk Evidence to Discourage Tanning Bed Use

Figures & data

Table 1 Bivariate Zero-Order Correlation Matrix for Variables

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Reflectiveness	1.00
	(n = 564)
2. Believability	0.38**	1.00
	(n = 561)	(n = 562)
3. Realism	0.27**	0.36**	1.00
	(n = 558)	(n = 556)	(n = 559)
4. AIME	−0.19**	−0.18**	−0.10	1.00
	(n = 560)	(n = 558)	(n = 555)	(n = 561)
5. Intent	0.17**	−0.04	0.01	−0.11*	1.00
	(n = 563)	(n = 561)	(n = 558)	(n = 560)	(n = 742)
6. Susceptibility	−0.33**	−0.09	−0.11*	0.20**	−0.33**	1.00
	(n = 558)	(n = 556)	(n = 553)	(n = 555)	(n = 737)	(n = 737)
7. Severity	−0.00	0.05	0.07	−0.05	−0.16**	0.03	1.00
	(n = 561)	(n = 559)	(n = 556)	(n = 558)	(n = 739)	(n = 735)	(n = 739)
8. Beliefs	0.06	−0.03	−0.08	−0.01	0.32**	−0.10*	−0.23**	1.00
	(n = 563)	(n = 561)	(n = 558)	(n = 560)	(n = 742)	(n = 737)	(n = 739)	(n = 742)
9. Beliefs about	0.06	−0.01	−0.11*	0.08	0.29**	0.11*	−0.24**	0.34**	1.00
consequences	(n = 563)	(n = 560)	(n = 557)	(n = 559)	(n = 740)	(n = 735)	(n = 738)	(n = 740)	(n = 742)
10. Benefits	−0.08	−0.10	−0.17**	0.10	0.04	0.14**	−0.18**	0.17**	0.28**	1.00
	(n = 563)	(n = 561)	(n = 558)	(n = 560)	(n = 742)	(n = 737)	(n = 739)	(n = 742)	(n = 740)	(n = 742)
11. Barriers	0.02	−0.05	−0.05	0.03	0.33**	−0.06	−0.13**	0.14**	0.15**	0.08	1.00
	(n = 563)	(n = 561)	(n = 558)	(n = 560)	(n = 742)	(n = 737)	(n = 739)	(n = 742)	(n = 740)	(n = 742)	(n = 742)
12. Age	−0.04	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.00	0.03	0.02	−0.06	−0.01	0.03	1.00
	(n = 564)	(n = 562)	(n = 559)	(n = 561)	(n = 742)	(n = 737)	(n = 739)	(n = 742)	(n = 742)	(n = 742)	(n = 742)	(n = 744)

Table 2 Analyses of Variance for Main and Two-Way Interaction Effects

	Main effects						Two-way interaction effects ^a
	Message		Gender		Skin color		Message × Gender		Message × Skin color		Gender × Skin color
Variable	F	η^2	F	η^2	F	η^2	F	η^2	F	η^2	F	η^2
Message factors	2.90**	.02	3.99**	.03	0.46	.00	1.04	.01	1.90*	.01	0.54	.00
Reflectiveness	1.72	.01	14.36***	.03	0.16	.00	0.24	.00	1.16	.01	1.20	.00
Believability	3.53*	.01	1.32	.00	1.67	.00	0.60	.00	0.41	.00	0.17	.00
Realism	2.78	.01	3.48	.01	1.75	.00	0.90	.00	1.38	.01	1.18	.00
AIME	4.84**	.02	0.86	.00	0.38	.00	2.24	.01	3.94*	.01	0.07	.00
HBM factors	1.85**	.02	19.60***	.17	2.16*	.02	0.82	.01	1.41	.02	1.15	.01
Beliefs	4.97**	.02	0.87	.00	2.26	.00	0.62	.00	0.49	.00	3.86*	.01
Beliefs about consequences	3.17*	.01	12.55***	.02	1.69	.00	1.81	.01	0.79	.00	1.14	.00
Severity	2.13	.01	0.07	.00	4.43*	.01	0.66	.00	2.14	.01	0.41	.00
Susceptibility	0.36	.00	117.20***	.14	2.65	.00	0.34	.00	2.71*	.01	0.01	.00
Barriers	1.98	.01	2.81	.00	1.28	.00	1.65	.01	0.57	.00	1.95	.00
Benefits	0.27	.00	16.20***	.02	0.01	.00	0.09	.00	1.19	.01	0.51	.00
Behavior intention	1.04	.00	48.31***	.06	1.88	.00	0.47	.00	1.64	.01	0.25	.00
Norms	2.94**	.01	10.97***	.03	1.93	.01	1.51	.01	1.48	.01	0.05	.00
Undergrad norms	3.51*	.02	18.00***	.03	0.36	.01	1.66	.01	2.04	.00	0.00	.00
Friend norms	4.75**	.02	23.86***	.02	4.18*	.00	2.92*	.01	0.25	.01	0.05	.00

Table 3 Means and Standard Deviations for Different Evidence Types

	Evidence types
	Normative		Anecdotal		Statistical		Control
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Message factors
Reflectiveness	3.03a	0.77	2.91a	0.80	2.89a	0.78	—	—
Believability	3.09a	0.73	2.93a,b	0.74	2.91b	0.71	—	—
Realism	2.62a	0.66	2.54a,b	0.74	2.45b	0.72	—	—
AIME	2.36b	0.65	2.54a	0.65	2.34b	0.67	—	—
HBM factors
Beliefs	3.86a	0.75	3.58b	0.75	3.72a,b	0.80	3.60b	0.80
Beliefs about consequences	3.86a	0.63	3.72a,b	0.62	3.79a,b	0.65	3.66b	0.62
Severity	2.07a	0.63	2.22a	0.67	2.08a	0.67	2.13a	0.61
Susceptibility	3.06a	0.97	2.98a	0.96	3.00a	1.03	2.95a	1.04
Barriers	3.56a	0.86	3.42a	0.83	3.35a	0.88	3.40a	0.89
Benefits	4.19a	0.64	4.21a	0.65	4.23a	0.59	4.25a	0.55
Behavior intention	3.79a	1.32	3.84a	1.41	3.64a	1.39	3.62a	1.46
Norms
Undergrad norms	30.82a	23.73	37.12b	24.84	37.25b	24.38	38.38b	22.62
Friend norms	19.60a	25.20	29.87b	30.33	23.83a,b	26.80	27.81b	28.35