A longitudinal analysis of communication traits: communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and self-perceived communication competence

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant demographics.

Variable	N	M	SD
Sex
Female	102 (46.4%)
Male	118 (53.6%)
Age-2006		26.99	10.15
Age-2009		29.98	10.15
Age-2012		32.99	10.15
Age-2015		35.98	10.15
Age-2018		38.99	10.16
Age-2021		42.01	10.15

Table 2. Means, Standard Deviations, and correlations for study variables.

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
2006
(1) GroupCA	-							18.57	1.39	.95
(2) MeetingCA	.13	-						18.44	2.21	.91
(3) DyadicCA	.04	−.15*	-					16.75	2.48	88
(4) PublicCA		.18**	−.23**	.20**	-			14.20	2.74	–
(5) Total CA	.49**	.30**	.60**	.65**	-			68.07	4.62
(6) SPCC	−.09	.53**	−.28**	−.46**	−.17**	-		62.91	11.83	.72
(7) WTC	−.19**	−.29**	−.22**	−.40**	−.27**	.68**	-	61.35	10.86	–
2009
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
(1) GroupCA	-							18.37	1.35	.94
(2) MeetingCA	.14*	-						18.83	2.28	.90
(3) DyadicCA	−.13	−.13*	-					17.11	2.56	.88
(4) PublicCA	.12	−.35**	−.08	-				14.10	1.86	–
(5) Total CA	.44**	.42**	.55**	.29**	-				68.41	3.51
(6) SPCC	−.10	.48**	−.27**	−.19**	−.02	-		63.49	11.39	–
(7) WTC	−.14*	.25**	−.19**	−.12	−.10	.66**	-	62.18	9.81	–
2012
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
(1) GroupCA	-							18.36	1.29	.95
(2) MeetingCA	−.17*	-						18.16	1.97	.90
(3) DyadicCA	.15*	.12	-					16.60	2.10	.89
(4) PublicCA	−.02	−.45**	−.10	-				13.66	2.34	.80
(5) Total CA	.37**	.29**	.69**	.37**	-			66.78	3.35
(6) SPCC	−.18**	.47**	−.10	−.31**	−.08	-		63.40	10.57	–
(7) WTC	−.13	.34**	−.06	−.11	.04	.62**	-	61.47	10.40	–
2015
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
(1) GroupCA	-							18.32	1.38	.95
(2) MeetingCA	−.12	-						18.92	2.14	.90
(3) DyadicCA	−.02	.04	-					16.79	2.21	.90
(4) PublicCA	−.09	−.36**	.09	-				12.64	3.13	–
(5) Total CA	.20**	.23**	.63**	.60**	-			66.68	4.05
(6) SPCC	−.17*	.53**	−.11	−.24**	−.02	-		67.15	12.14	–
(7) WTC	−.18**	.38**	−.11	−.10	−.01	.75	-	64.53	13.30	.83
2018
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
(1) GroupCA	-							18.20	.99	.97
(2) MeetingCA	.18**	-						18.21	.98	.97
(3) DyadicCA	.08	.21**	-					18.37	1.39	.96
(4) PublicCA	.29**	.22**	.08	-				17.83	1.10	.87
(5) Total CA	.58**	.61**	.64**	.62**	-			72.61	2.76
(6) SPCC	−.05	−.01	−.16*	.03	−.09	-		65.97	6.99	–
(7) WTC	.13	−.04	.05	.14*	.11	.38	-	63.45	9.50	.58
2021
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	M	SD	ω
(1) GroupCA	-							18.43	2.26	.94
(2) MeetingCA	.07	-						17.90	1.43	.89
(3) DyadicCA	.09	−.41**	-					18.84	2.32	.89
(4) PublicCA	.44**	.04	.03	-				19.77	2.48	–
(5) Total CA	.76**	.15*	.42**	.75**	-			74.93	4.77
(6) SPCC	.12	−.09	.34**	.17*	.28**	-		63.42	7.69	–
(7) WTC	−.12	−.07	.29**	.08	.11	.23**	-	62.63	10.09	–

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3. Pairwise comparisons for communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and self-perceived communication competence.

GroupCA			MeetingCA
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)	Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
2006	2009	.20	2006	2009	−.39
	2012	.21		2012	.28
	2015	.25		2015	−.48
	2018	.37*		2018	.23
	2021	.15		2021	.54*
2009	2006	−.20	2009	2006	.39
	2012	.01		2012	.67*
	2015	.05		2015	−.09
	2018	.17		2018	.62
	2021	−.06		2021	.93
2012	2006	−.21	2012	2006	−.28
	2009	−.01		2009	−.67
	2015	.04		2015	−.76
	2018	.16		2018	−.05
	2021	−.07		2021	.26
2015	2006	−.25	2015	2006	.48
	2009	−.05		2009	.09
	2012	−.04		2012	.76*
	2018	.12		2018	.71*
	2021	.11		2021	1.02*
2018	2006	−.37*	2018	2006	−.23
	2009	−.17		2009	−.62*
	2012	−.16		2012	.05
	2015	−.12		2015	−.71*
	2021	−.23		2021	.31
2021	2006	−.15	2021	2006	−.54*
	2009	.06		2009	−.93*
	2012	.07		2012	−.26
	2015	.11		2015	−1.02*
	2018	.23		2018	−.31
DyadicCA			PublicCA
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)	Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
2006	2009	−.36	2006	2009	.21
	2012	.16		2012	.65*
	2015	−.04		2015	1.66*
	2018	−1.61*		2018	−3.53*
	2021	2.08*		2021	−5.46*
2009	2006	.36	2009	2006	−.21
	2012	.51		2012	.44*
	2015	.32		2015	1.46*
	2018	−1.26*		2018	−3.73*
	2021	−1.72*		2021	−5.67*
2012	2006	−.16	2012	2006	−.65*
	2009	−.51		2009	−.44*
	2015	−.19		2015	1.02*
	2018	−1.77*		2018	−4.17*
	2021	−2.24*		2021	−6.11*
2015	2006	.04	2015	2006	−1.66*
	2009	−.32		2009	−1.46*
	2012	.19		2012	−1.02*
	2018	−1.58*		2018	−5.19*
	2021	−2.05		2021	−7.13*
2018	2006	1.61*	2018	2006	3.53*
	2009	1.26*		2009	3.73*
	2012	1.77*		2012	4.17*
	2015	1.58*		2015	5.19*
	2021	−.47		2021	−1.94
DyadicCA			PublicCA
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)	Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
2021	2006	2.08*	2021	2006	5.46*
	2009	1.72*		2009	5.67*
	2012	2.24*		2012	6.11*
	2015	2.05*		2015	7.13*
	2018	.47		2018	1.94*
TotalCA			SPCC
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)	Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
2006	2009	−.35	2006	2009	−.58
	2012	1.29*		2012	−.48
	2015	1.40*		2015	−4.24*
	2018	−4.54*		2018	−3.06
	2021	−6.86*		2021	−.51
2009	2006	.35	2009	2006	.58
	2012	1.64*		2012	.09
	2015	1.74*		2015	−3.66*
	2018	−4.19*		2018	−2.48*
	2021	−6.51*		2021	.07
2012	2006	−1.29*	2012	2006	.48
	2009	−1.64*		2009	−.09
	2015	.11		2015	−3.75*
	2018	−5.94*		2018	−2.57*
	2021	−8.26*		2021	−.02
2015	2006	−1.40*	2015	2006	4.24*
	2009	−1.74*		2009	3.66*
	2012	−.11		2012	3.75*
	2018	−5.94*		2018	1.18
	2021	−8.26		2021	3.73*
2018	2006	4.54*	2018	2006	3.06*
	2009	4.20*		2009	2.48*
	2012	5.83*		2012	2.57*
	2015	5.94*		2015	−1.18
	2021	−2.32*		2021	2.55*
2021	2006	6.86*	2021	2006	.51
	2009	6.51*		2009	−.07
	2012	8.15*		2012	.02
	2015	8.26*		2015	−3.73*
	2018	2.32*		2018	−2.55*
WTC
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
2006	2009	−.93
	2012	−.11
	2015	−3.18*
	2018	−2.10*
	2021	−1.28
2009	2006	.83
	2012	.72
	2015	−2.34*
	2018	−1.26
	2021	−.45
2012	2006	.11
	2009	−.72
	2015	−3.06*
	2018	−1.98*
	2021	−1.17
2015	2006	3.18*
	2009	2.34*
WTC
Year (i)	Year (j)	Mean diff. (i-j)
	2012	3.06*
	2018	1.08
	2021	1.90
2018	2006	2.10*
	2009	1.26
	2012	1.98*
	2015	−1.08
	2021	.82
2021	2006	1.28
	2009	.45
	2012	1.17
	2015	1.90
	2018	−.82

*p < .05.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.