How Stable is Leisure Satisfaction over Time? A Latent Trait-State-Occasion Analysis of Dutch Panel Data

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Leisure Satisfaction Indicators and Socio-Demographic Background Variables.

Variable	Mean	St.dev	N	Minimum	Maximum
Leisure time satisfaction 2008	6.900	2.295	7263	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2008	7.103	1.779	7291	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2009	7.081	2.190	5637	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2009	7.123	1.730	5651	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2010	7.209	2.052	4879	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2010	7.152	1.662	4894	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2011	7.161	2.068	4295	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2011	7.094	1.672	4311	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2012	7.283	2.078	3752	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2012	7.135	1.721	3762	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2013	7.332	1.981	3606	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2013	7.102	1.712	3619	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2014	7.368	1.907	3324	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2014	7.139	1.648	3357	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2015	7.388	1.913	3023	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2015	7.209	1.667	3053	0	10
Leisure time satisfaction 2016	7.472	1.829	2852	0	10
Leisure activities satisfaction 2016	7.298	1.571	2867	0	10
Age	44.202	15.967	9925	16	94
Gender (reference = male)	.506		9925	0	1
Number of children below age 18 in household	1.074	1.196	9925	0	7
Ln(household income)	1.138	.545	8171	0	2.485
Main occupation: paid employment	.525		9925	0	1
Main occupation: self-employed	.088		9925	0	1
Main occupation: seeking a job	.017		9925	0	1
Main occupation: studying	.099		9925	0	1
Main occupation: housekeeper	.096		9925	0	1
Main occupation: pensioner	.116		9925	0	1
Main occupation: otherwise occupied	.057		9925	0	1
Main occupation: too young to work	.001		9925	0	1
Education: Primary	.121		9925	0	1
Education: Intermediate secondary	.269		9925	0	1
Education: Higher secondary/preparatory university	.099		9925	0	1
Education: Intermediate vocational	.232		9925	0	1
Education: Higher vocational	.202		9925	0	1
Education: University	.077		9925	0	1
Working hours paid employment: 0	.405		9925	0	1
Working hours paid employment: 1-19 hours	.112		9925	0	1
Working hours paid employment: 20-27 hours	.096		9925	0	1
Working hours paid employment: 28-34 hours	.077		9925	0	1
Working hours paid employment: > 34 hours	.311		9925	0	1
Hours providing informal care: 0	.818		9925	0	1
Hours providing informal care: 1-8 hours	.136		9925	0	1
Hours providing informal care: 9-16 hours	.025		9925	0	1
Hours providing informal care: >16 hours	.021		9925	0	1
Average daily hours spent on leisure activities	2.052	1.008	7278	.294	12.375

Figure 1. Hypothesized trait-state-occasion (TSO) model with shared method variance factors.

TSAT = Trait Leisure Satisfaction; SSAT1 to SSAT9 = State Leisure Satisfaction; O1 to O9 = Latent variable measuring occasion-specific variance in state aspect of leisure satisfaction; SLT1 to SLT9 = wave specific item on Satisfaction with Leisure Time; SLA1 to SLA9 = wave specific item on Satisfaction with Leisure Activities; MLT = Shared Method Variance latent variable for Satisfaction with Leisure Time; MLA = Shared Method Variance latent variable for Satisfaction with Leisure Activities.

Table 2. Parameter Estimated of Trait-State-Occasion Model with Method Factors.

		Unstandardized Solution		Fully Standardized Solution
		Estimate	S.E.	Estimate	S.E.
A. Loadings of indicators on State factors
SSAT1 by	SLT1	1.197	0.011	0.812	0.012
	SLA1	0.803	0.011	0.705	0.010
SSAT2 by	SLT2	1.197	0.011	0.810	0.012
	SLA2	0.803	0.011	0.696	0.013
SSAT3 by	SLT3	1.197	0.011	0.844	0.011
	SLA3	0.803	0.011	0.713	0.012
SSAT4 by	SLT4	1.197	0.011	0.858	0.014
	SLA4	0.803	0.011	0.702	0.012
SSAT5 by	SLT5	1.197	0.011	0.858	0.011
	SLA5	0.803	0.011	0.689	0.011
SSAT6 by	SLT6	1.197	0.011	0.892	0.010
	SLA6	0.803	0.011	0.670	0.008
SSAT7 by	SLT7	1.197	0.011	0.916	0.009
	SLA7	0.803	0.011	0.694	0.009
SSAT8 by	SLT8	1.197	0.011	0.926	0.007
	SLA8	0.803	0.011	0.701	0.010
SSAT9 by	SLT9	1.197	0.011	0.939	0.007
	SLA9	0.803	0.011	0.704	0.010
B. Loadings of indicators on Method Factors:
MLT by	SLT1	1.719	0.166	0.306	0.028
	SLT2	1.868	0.154	0.354	0.030
	SLT3	1.675	0.143	0.333	0.023
	SLT4	1.662	0.115	0.344	0.033
	SLT5	1.310	0.097	0.271	0.034
	SLT6	0.609	0.092	0.135	0.033
	SLT7	0.370	0.103	0.083	0.030
	SLT8	0.095 ns.	0.157	0.023	0.036
	SLT9	−0.308 ns.	0.203	−0.066	0.038
MLA by	SLA1	0.846	0.030	0.373	0.017
	SLA2	0.901	0.033	0.419	0.019
	SLA3	0.940	0.029	0.451	0.018
	SLA4	0.995	0.024	0.479	0.016
	SLA5	1.087	0.019	0.513	0.011
	SLA6	1.109	0.028	0.521	0.011
	SLA7	1.007	0.026	0.479	0.011
	SLA8	1.087	0.033	0.506	0.010
	SLA9	1.029	0.027	0.497	0.012
C. Loadings of Occasion-specific factors on State factors
O1 by	SSAT1	1	0	0.666	0.009
O2 by	SSAT2	1	0	0.603	0.010
O3 by	SSAT3	1	0	0.596	0.012
O4 by	SSAT4	1	0	0.572	0.011
O5 by	SSAT5	1	0	0.574	0.014
O6 by	SSAT6	1	0	0.545	0.012
O7 by	SSAT7	1	0	0.573	0.012
O8 by	SSAT8	1	0	0.609	0.011
O9 by	SSAT9	1	0	0.572	0.012
D. Loadings of State Factors on Trait Factor
ETA by	SSAT1	1	0	0.746	0.008
	SSAT2	1	0	0.798	0.007
	SSAT3	1	0	0.803	0.009
	SSAT4	1	0	0.820	0.007
	SSAT5	1	0	0.818	0.010
	SSAT6	1	0	0.838	0.008
	SSAT7	1	0	0.819	0.008
	SSAT8	1	0	0.793	0.009
	SSAT9	1	0	0.820	0.008
E. Autoregressive Effects:
O2 on	O1	0.376	0.025	0.444	0.027
O3 on	O2	0.375	0.039	0.382	0.035
O4 on	O3	0.250	0.033	0.266	0.035
O5 on	O4	0.264	0.037	0.262	0.036
O6 on	O5	0.295	0.038	0.318	0.036
O7 on	O6	0.364	0.038	0.338	0.033
O8 on	O7	0.453	0.043	0.413	0.036
O9 on	O8	0.410	0.039	0.451	0.039

Note. all parameters significant at p < .05 except for parameters marked ‘ns.’ Reported results are average results over 20 imputed datasets.

Table 3. Variance Decomposition of Leisure Satisfaction into Proportion of Total Variance Attributable to Trait, State, Method and Error Variance (Full Sample and Age-Group Specific Estimates).

	Full sample	Age <26	Age 26-30	Age 31-40	Age 41-50	Age 51-60	Age >60
Common consistency	0.474	0.386	0.323	0.422	0.457	0.413	0.411
Occasion specificity	0.254	0.297	0.416	0.314	0.263	0.290	0.302
Method specificity	0.104	0.080	0.093	0.100	0.106	0.126	0.104
Residual variance	0.169	0.237	0.167	0.164	0.175	0.171	0.183

Note. Reported results are average results over 20 imputed datasets for the full sample; for the age-group specific subsamples we used 100 imputed datasets per age-group because of convergence issues when estimating the TSO model on some of the imputed datasets.

Table 4. Bivariate and Multiple Structural Regression of the Trait Component of Leisure Satisfaction on Socio-Demographic Background Characteristics (Unstandardized Path Coefficients), SEM Model Results.

	Bivariate structural regression model		Multiple structural regression model
	B	se(B)	B	se(B)
Gender (0 = male, 1 = female)	−0.013	0.029	−0.085	0.040 *
Age	0.037	0.001 ***	0.031	0.002 ***
Number of children under age of 18	−0.276	0.016 ***	−0.099	0.015 ***
Ln(income)	0.085	0.029 **	−0.007	0.047
Educational attainment (ref.=primary)
Intermediate secondary education	0.103	0.063	0.102	0.052
Higher secondary/preparatory university education	−0.370	0.067 ***	−0.123	0.071
Intermediate vocational education	−0.331	0.064 ***	−0.008	0.067
Higher vocational education	−0.177	0.064 ***	−0.017	0.069
University	−0.376	0.075 ***	−0.168	0.077 *
Main occupation (ref.= working fulltime)
Self-employed	0.234	0.070 **	0.144	0.073 *
Seeking job	0.033	0.130	−0.050	0.130
Studying	−0.064	0.060	0.682	0.075 ***
Housekeeper	0.714	0.054 ***	0.425	0.066 ***
Pensioner	1.637	0.048 ***	0.656	0.060 ***
Otherwise occupied	0.693	0.069 ***	0.339	0.074 ***
Too young to work	0.047	0.559	0.926	0.511
Working hours paid employment (ref.=0)
1-19 hours	0.305	0.061 ***	0.246	0.059 ***
20-27 hours	0.217	0.065 **	0.178	0.064 **
28-34 hours	0.083	0.074	0.147	0.071 *
> 34 hours	0.220	0.051 ***	0.031	0.055
Hours for informal care (ref.=0)
1-8 hours	0.279	0.047 ***	0.018	0.040
9-16 hours	0.042	0.103	−0.294	0.081 ***
>16 hours	−0.089	0.113	−0.501	0.099 ***
Average daily hours spent on leisure activities	0.112	0.017 ***	0.018	0.018

*** p<.001, ** p<.01, *p<.05

Note. Effects of Multiple Structural Regression (column 4) are controlled effects of each socio-demographic variable, with all other socio-demographic variables in the model held constant. Proportion of explained variance (R²) in trait component TSAT by Multiple Structural Regression equals 0.310. Reported results are average results over 20 imputed datasets.