Integrating Subjective Recovery and Stigma Resistance in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review and Theoretical Integration

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model depicting the impact of stigma on recovery for individuals with schizophrenia.

Figure 2. Diagram depicting the conceptual framework of recovery through the components of stigma resistance.

Figure A1. PRISMA flowchart.

Table B1. Study characteristics.

First author (date)	Stigma measure	Sample diagnosis	Study population	Study design	Sample Characteristic
Farrelly et al. (2014)	Anticipated vs. Experienced	Mixed diagnostic	UK	Cross-sectional	Service users: n = 202 (110 female, 92 male) Age range (mean): 19-67 (41.8) Ethnicity: 108 White, 77 Black, 17 Mixed SES: 46 Employed, 126 Unemployed, 30 Other Diagnosis: 96 Schizophrenia spectrum, 41 Bipolar, 65 Depression
Rose et al. (2011)	Experienced	Schizophrenia	Brazil, Bulgaria, Cyprus, England, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Malaysia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, USA	Qualitative	Service users: n = 75 (30 female, 45 male) Age range (mean): 19-51 (37) Ethnicity: 65 White, 5 Asian, 5 Mixed SES: 49 Employed, 26 Unemployed Diagnosis: 75 Schizophrenia
Thornicroft et al. (2009)	Anticipated vs. Experienced	Schizophrenia	Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Lithuania, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikstan, Turkey, UK, USA	Cross-sectional	Service users: n = 731 (279 female, 453 male) Age range (mean): N/R (39.20) Ethnicity: N/R SES: 213 Employed, 513 Unemployed Diagnosis: 731 Schizophrenia
Wood et al. (2022)	Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Qualitative	Service users: n = 21 (5 female, 16 male) Age range (mean): 21-54 (33.90) Ethnicity: 8 Asian, 7 Black, 4 Mixed, 2 Other SES: 5 Employed, 14 Unemployed, 2 Other Diagnosis: 21 Schizophrenia spectrum
Ahmed et al. (2020)	Prejudice, stereotypes & discrimination	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Cross-sectional	Service users: n = 128 (64 female, 64 male) Age range (mean): 16 - 20(N/R) Ethnicity: 64 White, 64 Asian SES: N/R Diagnosis: 128 Schizophrenia spectrum
Berry and Greenwood (2018)	Self-stigma	Mixed diagnostic	UK	Longitudinal	Service users: n = 51 (21 female, 30 male) Age range (mean): 18-36 (26.12) Ethnicity: 43 White, 2 Black, 4 Mixed, 2 Asian SES: N/R Diagnosis: 15 Schizophrenia spectrum, 32 Psychosis, 4 Bipolar
Vass et al. (2017)	Self-stigma	Mixed diagnostic	UK	Correlational	Service users: n = 59 (22 female, 37 male) Age range (mean): N/R (48.69) Ethnicity: 54 White, 5 Other SES: N/R Diagnosis: 29 Schizophrenia, 30 Bipolar
Wood et al. (2017)	Perceived vs. Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Cross-sectional	Service users: n = 79 (20 female, 59 male) Age range (mean): 18-65 (36.49) Ethnicity: 52 White, 12 Black, 10 Asian, 5 Other SES: N/R Diagnosis: 45 Schizophrenia spectrum, 34 Psychosis
Wood and Irons (2017)	Experienced	Mixed diagnostic	UK	Cross-sectional	Service users: n = 56 (21 female, 31 male) Age range (mean): 19-62 (36.96) Ethnicity: 24 White, 13 Black, 11 Asian, 4 Other SES: 6 Employed, 27 Unemployed, 20 Other Diagnosis: 31 Schizophrenia spectrum, 14 Psychosis, 7 Bipolar
Burke et al. (2016)	Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Qualitative	Service users: n = 12 (4 female, 8 male) Age range (mean): 20-62 (46.33) Ethnicity: 12 White SES: 1 Employed, 10 Unemployed, 1 Other Diagnosis: 8 Schizophrenia spectrum, 4 Psychosis
Vass et al. (2015)	Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Longitudinal	Service users: n = 80 (31 female, 49 male) Age range (mean): N/R (39.15) Ethnicity: 60 White, 10 N/R SES: N/R Diagnosis: 80 Schizophrenia spectrum
Pyle and Morrison (2013)	Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Qualitative	Service users: n = 9 (5 female, 4 male) Age range (mean): 19-54 (23) Ethnicity: 8 White, 1 Asian SES: 5 Unemployed, 4 Employed or Other (not specified) Diagnosis: 7 Schizophrenia spectrum, 2 Psychosis
Pitt et al. (2009)	Experienced	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Qualitative	Service users: n = 8 (2 female, 6 male) Age range (mean): 21-59(37.13) Ethnicity: 6 White, 2 Black SES: N/R Diagnosis: 8 Schizophrenia spectrum
Forrester-Jones and Barnes (2008)	Self-stigma	Schizophrenia spectrum	UK	Qualitative	Service users: n = 17 (5 female, 12 male) Age range (mean): 38 – 66 (51.65) Ethnicity: 17 white SES: N/R Diagnosis: 17 Schizophrenia spectrum

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