Nutrient and Fiber Intake and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

This study examines the association between nutrient and fiber intake and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Between 1994 and 1997 in 8 Canadian provinces, mailed questionnaires were completed by 1,138 incident, histologically confirmed cases of RCC and 5,039 population controls. Measurement included information on socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, and diet. A 69-item food frequency questionnaire provided data on eating habits 2 yr before data collection. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived through unconditional logistic regression. Intakes of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, and cholesterol were associated with the risk of RCC; the ORs for the highest vs. the lowest quartile were 1.67, 1.53 and 1.46, 1.31, and 1.48, respectively. The positive association was apparently stronger in women, overweight or obese, and never smokers. Sucrose was related to the risk of RCC. High fiber intake was inversely associated with RCC risk. No association was found with intake of total protein and polyunsaturated fat, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total carbohydrates. The results were consistent across strata of sex, tobacco, and BMI. The findings suggest that a diet low in fats and cholesterol and rich in fiber could favorably affect the risk of RCC.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group comprises a principal investigator from each of the provincial cancer registries involved in the National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System: Bertha Paulse, MSc, BN, Newfoundland Cancer Foundation; Ron Dewar, MA, Nova Scotia Cancer Registry; Dagny Dryer, MD, Prince Edward Island Cancer Registry; Nancy Kreiger, PhD, Cancer Care Ontario; Heather Whittaker, Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation; Diane Robson, BA, Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation; Shirley Fincham, PhD, Alberta Cancer Board; and Nhu Le, PhD, British Columbia Cancer Agency. C. L. Vecchia and E. Negri were supported by the Italian Association for Cancer Research and the Italian League against cancer. C. L. Vecchia is a recipient of an IARC senior fellowship.

Notes

^a Abbreviations are as follows: NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. ORs adjusted for 10-yr group, province.

^b Household income was indicated as a categorical variable with the following values: low family income: < $20,000 with ≤ 3 people or $30,000 with ≥ 4 people; lower-middle family income: $20,000–$30,000 with ≤ 3 people or $30,000 to < $50,000 with ≥ 4 people; upper-middle family income: < $50,000 with ≤ 3 people or $50,000 to $100,000 with ≥ 4 people; high family income: ≥ 50,000 for up to 3 people or ≥ 100,000 for ≥ 4 people. Note that totals may vary due to missing values.

^a Abbreviations are as follows: NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^b Including 18:2, linoleic, octadecadienoic; 22:6, docosapentaenoic; 20:5, eisapentaenoic;18:2i, linoleic, octadecadienoic; 18:2 n-6 c, c, linoleic, octadecadienic;18:2 cla, linoleic, octadecadienoic;18:2t not further defined, linoleic, octadecadienoic.

^c Including 18:3, linolenic, octadecadienoic; 20:4, arachidonic; 20:3, eicosatrienoic; 18:3 n-3 c, c, c, linolenic, octadecadienoic; 18:3 n-6 c, c, c, linolenic, octadecadienoic;18.3i, linolenic, octadecadienoic.

^d Including sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

^e Including glucose, fructose, and galactose.

^a Abbreviations are as follows: RCC, renal cell carcinoma; NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. ORs adjusted for sex 10-yr age group, province, education, body mass index (< 25, 25–29.9, ≥ 30), alcohol use (g/day), pack-year smoking and total energy intake.

^b n-3 PUFA included the types of n-3 PUFA, which are the same as in Table 2.

^c n-6 PUFA included the types of n-6 PUFA, which are the same as in Table 2.

^a Abbreviations are as follows: RCC, renal cell carcinoma; NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. ORs adjusted for 10-yr age group, province, education, body mass index (< 25, 25–29.9, ≥ 30), alcohol use (g/day), pack-year smoking, sex, and total energy intake.

^b Including sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

^c Including glucose, fructose, and galactose.

^a Abbreviations are as follows: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; BMI, body mass index; NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System. ORs adjusted for 10-yr age group, province, sex, education, BMI (< 25, 25–29.9, ≥ 30), alcohol use (g/day), pack years of smoking, and total energy intake; the variables of sex, BMI, and pack years of smoking were not included in the corresponding model.

^a Abbreviations are as follows: NECSS, National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^b n-3 PUFA included the types of n-3 PUFA, which are the same as in Table 2.

^c n-6 PUFA included the types of n-6 PUFA, which are the same as in Table 2.

^d Including sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

^e Including glucose, fructose, and galactose.