Epidemiologic Evidence on Coffee and Cancer

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Overview of relative risks of coffee drinking in 11 cancer sites ^a

Author	Countries	Study Design	N Controls	n Cases	Follow-up	Point Estimate	CIs	Dose
Pancreatic Cancer
Jick, Dinan (9)	United States	Hospital-based CC	156	78		0.7, 0.5	Not reported	1–5 cups/day; 6+ cups/day
Lin and Kessler(10)	Japan	Cohort	110,792	225 deaths	8 yr	Men 0.59, Women 0.94	0.26–1.33, 0.44–2.01	1 cups/day
MacMahon, Yen, Trichopoulos, Warren, and Nardi (11)	United States	CC	644	369		1.8, 2.7	1.0–3.0, 1.6–4.7	2 cups/day; 3+ cups/day
WCRF (1)	Meta-analysis	18 cohort, 37 CC, 11 ecological				Cohort 1.00, CC 1.04	0.94–1.07, 1.01–1.07
Luo, Inoue, Iwasaki, Sasazuki, Otane, et al. (14)	Japan	Population-based cohort	102,137	233	11 yr	0.8	0.6–1.2	1–2 cups/day
Renal Cell Cancer
WCRF (1)		5 cohort studies, 18 CC				Cohort women: 0.87; men: 0.15; CC: 0.99	0.66–1.16, 0.02–1.16, 0.96–1.01	Per cup
Lee, Giovannucci, Smith-Warner, Spiegelman, Willett, et al. (16)	United States	2 cohorts	88,759 women, 47,828 men	248	20 yr 14 yr	0.87	0.62–1.21	Highest vs. lowest quartile
Bravi, Bosetti, Scotti, Talamini, Montella, et al. (17)	Italy	CC	1,534	767		0.98	0.72–1.32	QV vs. QI
Lee, Hunter, Spiegelman, Adami, Bernstein, et al. (18)	Mixed	13 prospective	530,469 women, 244,483 men	1,478	7–20 yr	0.84	0.67–1.05	3+ cups/day
Colorectal Cancer
Tavani and La Vecchia (19)	Japan, France, Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Argentina and the United States	Meta-analysis: 5 cohorts, 12 CC	147,227	1,756 colon, 759 rectal, 8,713 colorectal, 8,058 colon, 4,865 rectal, 604 colorectal		0.76	0.66–0.89	High vs. low
Oba,	Japan	Cohort	138,940 men	29	8 yr	0.81	0.46–1.42	1+
Shimizu,			16,327 women	45		0.42	0.22–0.85	cups/day
Nagata, Shimizu, Kametani, et al. (20)
Lee, Inoue,	Japan	Population-	96,162	1,163	10 yr	1.10	0.82–1.47	3+
Otani,		based cohort	46,023 men
Iwasaki,			50,139 women			0.44	0.19–1.04	cups/day
Sasazuki. et al. (21)
Breast Cancer
Hirvonen, Mennen, de Bree, Castetbon, Galan, et al. (22)	French	Cohort	4,396 female	95	6.6 yr	1.07, 1.10	0.64–1.79, 0.66–1.84	112–252 ml/day; >252 ml/day
Michels, Holmberg, Bergkvist, and Wolk (23)	Swedish	Cohort	508,036 women	1,271	9.5 yr	0.94	0.75–1.28	4+ cups/day
Tavani, Pregnolato, La Veccia, Favero, and Franceschi (24)	Italy	Hospital-based CC	5,984	5,504		0.96	0.83–1.11	>4 cups/day
Baker, Beehler, Sawant, Jayaprakash, McCann, et al. (25)	US	Hospital based CC, premenopausal	1,895	1,932		0.62	0.39–0.98	4+ cups/day
Nkondjock, Ghadirian, Kotsopoulos, Lubinski, Lynch, et al. (26)	4 countries: United States, Canada, Poland, Israel	Matched CC analysis	1,690 BRCa+ women	1,690		0.90, 0.75, 0.31	0.72–1.12, 0.47–1.19, 0.13–0.71	1–3 cups/day; 4–5 cups/day; 6+ cups/day
Endometrial Cancer
Hirose, Niwa, Wakai, Matsuo, Nakanishi, et al. (28)	Japanese	Hospital-based CC	12,425	229		0.64, 0.41	0.43–0.94, 0.19–0.87	1–2 cups; 3+ cups/day
Terry, Vainio, Wolk, and Weiderpass (29)	Swedish	CC	2,887 postmenopausal women	709		0.7	0.5–1.0	4th quartile
Bravi, Scotti, Bosetti, Zucchetto, Talamini, et al. (30)	Italy	Hospital-based CC	908	454		0.50	0.29–0.89	QV vs. QI
Shimazu, Inoue, Sasazuki, Iwasaki, Kurahashi, et al. (31)	Japan	Population-based cohort	53,724	117	15 yr	0.38	0.16–0.91	3 cups/day
Koizumi, Nakaya, Okamura, Sato, Shimazu, et al. (32)	Japan	CC	214	107		0.4	0.2–0.9	Upper tertile
Ovarian Cancer
Steevens, Schouten, Verhage, Goldbohm, and van den Brandt (34)	Netherlands	Case-cohort and meta-analysis	2,083	280	13.3 yr	1.08, 1.32, 1.15	0.75–1.57, 0.99–1.77, 0.89–1.47	5+ cups/day
Hirose, Niwa, Wakai, Matsuo, Nakanishi, et al. (28)	Japan	CC	12,425	166		1.33	0.68–2.60	3+ cups/day
Silvera, Jain, Howe, Miller, and Rohan (33)	Canada	Cohort	49,613	264	16.4 yr	1.62	0.95–1.77	>4 cups/day
Baker, Boakye, McCann, Beehler, Rodabaugh, et al. (35)	United States	Hospital-based CC	868	414		1.05	0.73–1.52	4+ cups/day
Hepatocellular Cancer
Larsson, and Wolk (40)	13 cohorts	Meta-analysis	530,469 women, 244,483 men	1,478	7–20 yr	0.84	0.67–1.05	3+ cups/day
Inoue Yoshimi, Sobue, and Tsugane (41)	Japan	Population-based cohort	43,109 men and 47,343 women	250 men, 84 women	10 yr	HR = 0.49, 0.52, 0.48, 0.24	0.36–0.66, 0.38–0.73, 0.28–0.83, 0.08–0.77	Nondrinkers; 1–2 cups/day; 3–4 cups/day; 5
Kurozawa, Ogimoto, Shibata, Nose, Yoshimura, et al. (42)	Japan	Cohort	46,399 male and 64,289 female	258	9 yr	HR = 0.50	0.31–0.79	1+ cups/day
Tanaka, Hara, Sakamoto, Higaki, Mizuta, et al. (43)	Japan	CC	1,308 community controls, 275 hospital controls, 381 patients	209		0.33, 0.22	0.22–0.48, 0.11–0.43	Occasional; 3 cups/day
Ohishi, Fujiwara, Cologne, Suzuki, Akahoshi, et al. (44)	Japan	Nested CC	644	224		0.40	0.16–1.02	Daily
Wakai, Kurozawa, Shibata, Fujita, Kotani, et al. (45)	Japan	Nested CC	3,444	96		0.72, 0.49	0.45–1.15 0.25–0.96	<1 cups/day; 1 cups/day
Gelatti, Covolo, Franceschini, Pirali, Tagger, et al. (46)	Northern Italy	Hospital-based CC	500	250		0.8, 0.4, 0.3	0.4–1.3, 0.2–0.8, 0.1–0.7	1–2 cups/day; 3–4 cups/day; 5+ cups/day
Montella, Polesel, La Vecchia, Dal Maso, Crispo, et al. (47)	Italy	Hospital-based CC	412 controls	185		0.4	0.2–1.1	28cups/wk vs. <14 cups/wk
Larsson and Wolk (40)	Meta-analysis	Meta-analysis: 4 cohort, 5 CC	239,146	2,260		0.57	0.49–0.67	For increase +2 cups/day
Bravi, Bosetti, Tavani, Bagnardi, Gallus, et al. (39)	6 CC, 4 cohort: Japan, & Europe	Meta-analysis	CC: 1,551; cohort 709			0.54, 0.64, 0.70, 0.45	0.38–0.76, 0.56–0.74, 0.57–0.85, 0.38–0.53	Drinkers vs. non, low, moderate, high
Bladder Cancer
Zeegers, Tan, Goldbohm, and van den Brandt (48)	Meta-analysis	16 studies on men, 12 on women	58,279	491	6.3 yr	0.98 men, 0.44 women	0.68–1.40, 0.22–0.86	5–6 cups/day; referent is 4–5 cups/day
Villanueva, Cantor, King, Jaakkola, Cordier, et al. (49)	6 CCs	Pooled analysis, 6 CC	5,150	2,729		1.11 men, 0.93 women	0.98–1.25, 0.75–1.15	Per cup
De Stefani, Boffetta, Deneo-Pellegrini, Correa, Ronco, et al. (50)	Uruguay	CC	501	255		1.6	0.8–3.1	1–6 cups/day
Ugnat, Luo, Semenciw, and Mao (51)	Canada	Population-based CC	1,099	549		1.77, 4+ cups/day	1.11–2.82	4+ cups/day
Gastric Cancer
Botelho, Lunet, and Barros (53)	23:5 United States, 5; Japan, 6; Europe, 2; South America	Meta-analysis				1.26; 0.97 CC; 1.02 cohort; 0.90 Pop CC; 0.97, hospital-based CC; 0.97 United States; 0.98 Japan; 0.64 Europe	1.02–1.57, 0.86–1.09, 0.76–1.37, 0.70–1.15, 0.83–1.13, 0.82–1.14, 0.81–1.17, 0.47–0.86	Highest vs. lowest
Larsson,	Swedish	Population-	61,433 women	160	15.7 yr	1.49, 1.86	0.97–2.27,	2–3 cups/day
Giovannucci,		based cohort					1.07–3.25	4+ cups/day
and Wolk (54)
Childhood Leukemia
Peters, Preston-Martin, London, Bowman, Buckley, et al. (55)	United States	Population-based CC	232	232		Not reported—no association with maternal coffee
Petridou, Trichopoulos, Kalapothaki, Pourtsidis, Kogevinas, et al. (56)	Greece	CC	306	153		Not reported—“no substantial or significant elevation”
Menegaux, Steffen, Bellec, Baruchel, Lescoeur, et al (57)	France	Multicenter CC	288	280		No effect; 2.4, 3.1	1.3–4.7, 1.0–9.5	<3 cups/day; 4–8 cups/day; >8 cups/day
Menegaux, Ripert, Hemon, and Clavel (58)	France	Population-based CC	567	472 all		1.4, 1.9	0.9–2.3, 1.0–3.5	<3 cups/day vs. >3 cups/day
Prostate
Hsing, McLaughlin, Schuman, Bjelke, Gridley, et al. (61)	United States	Cohort	17,633	149	20 yr	0.8	0.6–1.2	3–4 cups/day vs. <3
Jain, Hislop, Howe, Burch, and Ghadirian (63)	Canada	CC	637	617		0.97	0.65–1.44
Hsieh, Thanos, Mitropoulos, Deliveliotis, Mantzoros, et al. (64)	Greece	CC	246	320			Probability test, 0.27	3cups/day vs. 0
Slattery and West (65)	United States	CC	685	362		1.09	0.75–1.60	>20 c/wk
Sharpe and Siemiatycki (66)	Canada	CC	621	399		1.1	0.6–2.0	Daily
Ellison (69)	Canada	Retrospective cohort	3,400	145		1.4	0.84–2.32	>250 ml/day
^aAbbreviations are as follows: CC, case-control study, CI, confidence interval; WCRF, World Cancer Research Report; HR, hazard ratio; QV, quintile five; QI, quintile one.

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