Dietary Choices Modulate Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells: A Role of FXR Nuclear Receptor

Abstract

Intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity (TMH) among colorectal cancer patients is considered as major hurdles to develop precise, potent, and personalized cancer therapeutics. The discernible factors that contribute to the existence of TMH and associated problems are suggested as genetic, molecular, epigenetic, and environmental pressures including shifts in trend from high-fiber diet to high-fat/processed sugar diet. In essence, components of high fat/processed sugar diet potentiate metabolic re-programing of inherent cellular heterogeneity of cancer stem cells (CSCs) by genetic and epigenetic pathways intersected by the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) nuclear receptor. Therefore, choices of dietary components shape up protumor or antitumor microenvironment by the modulation of FXR regulated transcriptional and epigenetic events in CSCs. In this article, we highlight the major understanding emanated from preclinical and clinical studies that indicate the potential contribution of high fiber/saturated sugar diet toward carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.

Acknowledgment

The authors received no financial support and declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

Nilesh Kumar Sharma: Substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; Sachin C. Sarode: Substantial contributions to conception and design, drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Gargi S Sarode: Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Shankargouda Patil: Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; Jayanta K. Pal: Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content