Nutritional Status and Health-Related Quality of Life in Men with Advanced Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Figures & data

Figure 1. Algorithm for the allocation of NS category.

Figure 2. Flow chart for the inclusion of study participants.

Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.

Variable	Median	IQR
Age (years)	74.1	68.6–79.4
BMI (kg/m²)	26.9	24.5–30.0
Albumins (g/l)	44	42–46
Hb (g/l)	131	117–142
CRP (mg/l)	5	1–17
PSA (ng/ml)	103.6	38.8–194.3
Pain (VAS)	2	0–4
ADT (months)	24.4	13.7–50
PG-SGA (points)	3	2–7
FACT-P (points)	103.5	86.8–124.2
FFMI (kg/m^2)	18.5	17.2–20.0

Abbreviations: ADT, androgen deprivation therapy duration; BMI, body mass index; CRP C reactive protein; FACT-P, functional assessment of anticancer therapy – prostate; FFMI, fat-free mass index, Hb, hemoglobin; PG-SGA, patient generated-subjective general assessment; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; VAS, visual analogue scale.

Table 2. Distribution of BMI across NS categories.

NS category	Frequency (N)	Mean BMI (kg/m^2) [SD]	Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m^2) N (%)	Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) N (%)
Well-nourished patients group	59	28.85 [4.3]	29 (49.2)	18 (30.5)
Nutritional risk without criteria for sarcopenia/cachexia	24	26.42 [3.73]	14 (58.3)	4 (16.7)
Sarcopenia	42	27.54 [4.6]	30 (68.2)	8 (19)
Cachexia	16	24.9 [4.3]	6 (37.5)	2 (12.5)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NS, nutritional status.

Figure 3. Distribution of FACT-P scores across the NS categories.

Table 3. A multiple linear regression model for HRQoL without NS categories.

Variable	β	95% CI	P value
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.99	0.14 to 1.84	0.01
Age (years)	−0.37	−0.99 to 0.16	0.17
ADT (months)	0.04	−0.08 to 0.16	0.50
Hb (g/l)	0.24	0.02 to 0.46	0.03
PSA (ng/l)	0.01	−0.02 to 0.01	0.37
Pain (VAS)	−4.57	−6.08 to −3.07	<0.001
Charlson index of comorbidities (points)	−0.08	−2.03 to 1.87	0.93
Visceral metastases^a	2.27	−8.61 to 13.4	0.68

Abbreviations: ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; VAS, visual analogue scale.

a Coded dichotomously either as 0 (no visceral metastases) or 1 (presence of visceral metastases).

Table 4. Multivariable regression model for HRQoL with NS categories.

Variable	β	95% CI	P value
WN vs. NR	−12.53	−23.06 to −2.01	0.02
WN vs. Sarcopenia	−10.18	−19.43 to −0.94	0.03
WN vs. Cachexia	−20.76	−35.09 to −6.42	0.005
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.67	−0.17 to 1.52	0.12
Age (years)	−0.32	−0.87 to 0.22	0.24
ADT (months)	0.04	−0.08 to 0.16	0.49
Hb (g/l)	0.16	−0.07 to 0.38	0.18
PSA (ng/ml)	−0.002	−0.01 to 0.01	0.75
Pain – VAS	−4.04	−5.54 to −2.54	<0.001
Charlson index of comorbidities (score)	0.18	−1.72 to 2.08	0.85
Visceral metastases	3.61	−7.97 to 13.19	0.63

Abbreviations: ADT, duration of androgen deprivation therapy; BMI, body mass index; C, cachexia; Hb, hemoglobin; NR, nutritional risk without criteria for sarcopenia/cachexia; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; VAS, visual analogue scale; WN, well-nourished patients group.