Exploring the Relationship Between Diet, Lifestyle and Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer Development: A Recent Update

Figures & data

Figure 1. The relation between Dietary factors, gut microbiota, and CRC.

Figure 2. The relation between lifestyle, gut microbiota, and CRC.

Table 1. Function of gut microbiome-derived metabolites.

S. No.	Gut microbiome-derived metabolites		Metabolites Producing Bacteria	Specific function	Reference
1.	Short-chain fatty acids	Butyrate	Firmicutes, Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum, Eubacterium halli	Regulation of Gut microbiota composition, Gut barrier integrity, Inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines, Modulate systemic immune response, Increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, Maintenance of energy homeostasis, Regulation of Intestinal permeability.	(168)
		Acetate	Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Akkermansia muciniphila
		Propionate	Bacteroides spp., Dialister spp., Megasphaera elsdenii
2.	Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)		Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Clostridium asparagiforme, Proteus penneri, Providencia rettgeri, Edwardsiella tarda	Inhibiting the synthesis of bile acids, promoting inflammation, Exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, Promoting thrombosis.	(169, 170)
3.	Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)		Bilophila wadsworthia, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Desulfovibrio (D. piger, D. desulfuricans), Bilophila and Desulfomicrobium	Tumor promoting effect: Stimulate tumor cell growth, cellular energy production, blood vessel formation, dedifferentiation, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Tumor-suppressing effects: reduce cancer cell proliferation, migration, and cellular energy production, triggering apoptosis in cancer cells, sensitizing them to chemotherapy, and induce EMT	(150–152) (171)
4.	Secondary Bile acids (SBAs)		Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	Regulating the gut microbial composition, Decreasing the levels of Pathogenic bacterium, Increasing the production of anti-oxidative enzymes, Induce the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells.	(169, 172)

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