Do Moral Values Moderate the Relationship Between Immigrant-School Concentration and Violent Offending? A Cross-Level Interaction Analysis of Self-Reported Violence in Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variable Name	Percentage	Mean	Min	Max
Dependent variable
Violence (1 = Violent)	15.7%
Level 1
Gender (1=Boys)	50.2%
Immigrant status (1=Immigrant background)	20.7%
Parental unemployment (1=Unemployed)	21.2%
Moral values
Strong = 3	17.8%
Medium = 2	64.1%
Level 2
% Immigrant background		20.3%	0.0%	100.0%
% Parental unemployment		20.9%	0.0%	100.0%

Table 2. Violence, moral values and immigrant concentration. Multilevel linear probability models (students = 38,711/Schools = 636).

Level and variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Individual level
Intercept	0.161 (0.003)***	−0.007 (0.008)***	−0.029 (0.009)***	−0.013 (0.009)
Weak moral values^a		0.317 (0.007)***	0.318 (0.007)***	0.288 (0.012)***
Medium-strength moral values^a		0.074 (0.004)***	0.076 (0.004)***	0.054 (0.006)***
Immigrant background		0.064 (0.005)***	0.056 (0.005)***	0.057 (0.005)***
Parents not in employment		0.048 (0.005)***	0.046 (0.005)***	0.047 (0.005)***
Gender		0.096 (0.004)***	0.096 (0.004)***	0.096 (0.004)***
School level
Prop. immigrants			0.095 (0.02)***	0.017 (0.021)
Prop. not in employment			0.011 (0.03)	0.018 (0.029)
Cross level interaction
Prop. immigrants X Moral Weak				0.139 (0.041)***
Prop. immigrants X Moral Medium				0.098 (0.024)***
Random effects
Residual variance	0.130 (0.001)***	0.113 (0.001)***	0.113 (0.001)***	0.113 (0.001)***
Intercept	0.003 (0.000)***	0.001 (0.000)***	0.001 (0.000)***	0.001(0.000)***
Slope		0.001 (0.000)**	0.001 (0.000)**	0.001 (0.000)**
−2LL	31269.490	25863.857***	25827.828***	25821.193*

***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05.

Note: Controlling for year of survey (the last three models).

^aStrong moral values is the reference category in these analyses.

Table 3. The association between immigrant concentration and violence at different levels of moral values. Multilevel linear probability models. Adjusted for controls.

	Moral values
	Weak	Medium	Strong
Prop. Immigrants	0.165***	0.098***	0.051*

***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05.

Data availability statement

Data are available on specific request for researchers. Such requests should be addressed to [email protected].