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Research Article

Jaguar (Panthera onca) density in the Sierra Madre del Sur; the last wilderness area in the central-western slope in Mexico

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Pages 47-60 | Received 18 May 2020, Accepted 23 Feb 2021, Published online: 22 Mar 2021
 

ABSTRACT

The jaguar is listed as endangered in Mexico. However, population estimates and conservation initiatives have relied on data obtained from Protected Areas (PA) covered by humid tropical forests of southern Mexico. In this context, the objectives were: 1) to estimate jaguar density for the last wilderness ecoregion of central-western Mexico, 2) quantify the capture rate of potential prey of jaguar, 3) evaluate the percentage of native vegetation cover in the Effective Sampling Area (ESA), and 4) review the density estimates of jaguars in Mexico. Jaguar density was evaluated in an ESA of 156 km2, using ‘Capture–Recapture’ (C-R) and ‘Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture’ (SECR) models. We obtained 28 photographic captures of two females, in which models averaged a density of 1.01 ± 0.41 ind/100 km2. The mid and large size-mammal community included 14 species with forested landscape and vegetation measured at 90%. The scientific literature includes 30 jaguar density estimates in Mexico, with 22 (85%) inside Protected Areas. Average density among all estimates in México is 2.85 ± 1.82 STD. For the first time, our density estimates provide reliable population-level data for one key region for jaguar conservation efforts in the northern hemisphere. As low-density estimates were obtained, this population is highly vulnerable, deserving priority attention by conservation strategies at a national level.

RESUMEN

El jaguar está en peligro de extinción en México. Sin embargo, las estimaciones de sus poblaciones y las iniciativas de conservación se han basado en datos obtenidos en Áreas Protegidas (AP) cubiertas por bosques tropicales húmedos del sur de México. En este contexto, los objetivos fueron: 1) estimar la densidad de jaguares para la última ecorregión silvestre del centro-oeste de México, 2) cuantificar la tasa de captura de presas potenciales del jaguar, 3) evaluar el porcentaje de cobertura de vegetación nativa en el Área Efectiva de Muestreo (ESA en ingles) y 4) revisar las estimaciones de densidad de jaguares en México. La densidad del jaguar se evaluó en una ESA de 156 km2, utilizando modelos de “Captura-Recaptura” (C-R) y “Captura-Recaptura Espacialmente Explícitos” (SECR en ingles). Obtuvimos 28 capturas fotográfícas de dos hembras, en las cuales los modelos promediaron una densidad de 1.01 ± 0.41 ind/100 km2. La comunidad de mamíferos de tamaño mediano y grande incluyó 14 especies con un paisaje boscoso y una cobertura vegetal de 90%. La literatura científica incluye 30 estimaciones de densidad de jaguares en México, 22 (85%) dentro de Áreas Protegidas. La densidad promedio entre todas las estimaciones en México es de 2.85 ± 1.82 ETS. Por primera vez, nuestras estimaciones de densidad proporcionan datos confiables a nivel de población para una región clave en los esfuerzos de conservación del jaguar en el hemisferio norte. Debido a la baja densidad reportada en este estudio, esta población es altamente vulnerable y merece una atención prioritaria por parte de las estrategias de conservación a nivel nacional.

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the assistance in the field from the family Camorlinga-Torres. JFCM appreciate General Office of Academic Affairs, UNAM and Environmental Geography Research Centre, UNAM for the grant postdoctoral. We appreciate the field support given by students of Lab Vertebrate Priority Terrestrial and Faculty Biology for the facilities granted and UMSNH for the preparation of the manuscript. We appreciate the helpful comments of two anonymous reviewers. A J. Lowry for review the manuscript in English

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Geolocation Information

This study was carried out in ecoregion the Sierra Madre del Sur of state Michoacan the municipality of Arteaga (18.173674°N, -102.515784ºW), central-western Mexico.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Coordination for Scientific Research of the UMSNH and CONACYT for a graduate studies fellowship provided for JFCM (239248);Coordinación de la Investigación Científica [CIC-01001140].

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