The effect of metal-containing nanoparticles on the health, performance and production of livestock animals and poultry

Figures & data

Figure 1. Manufacturing methods for nanoparticles synthesis.

Figure 2. The number of papers on (a) type of nanoparticles used as feed additives for animals and (b) the species of animal supplemented with nanoparticles as feed additives (Web of Science, September 9, 2021).

Figure 3. Beneficial effects of nanoparticles on animal health and performance.

Table 1. Effects of nano-minerals on growth performance and productivity of different animal species (available literature from the last 10 years).

Type of NPs	Dose and (size of NPs)	Animals and age	Effects and health benefits	References
ZnNPs	30, 50, 70 and 90 mg/kg (<50 nm)	Broiler chicken (1–42 days old)	Improvement of performance, carcass characteristics, humoral immunity, meat quality and Zn content in meat for 70 mg/kg	Eskandani et al. (2021)
ZnNPs	45, 90, 135 and 180 mg/kg	Broilers (1–42 days old)	Up to 90 mg ZnNPs/kg – a positive effect on performance, antioxidant activity	Hidayat et al. (2021)
ZnNPs	0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg	Growing Japanese quails	Doses of 0.1–0.3 g/kg increased ALT, AST, LDH, SOD, GPX, MDA, IgG and IgM activities; a significant increase in growth for 0.2 g/kg of ZnNPs	Reda et al. (2021)
ZnONPs	60 and 30 mg/kg (30 nm)	Laying hens (55–56 weeks old)	Improved egg production, phagocytic activity and index, serum SOD and GSH-Px activities	El-Katcha et al. (2018)
ZnONPs	50, 75 and 100 mg/kg (35–45 nm)	Laying hens (42–54 weeks old)	Negative impact on eggshell thickness and bone mechanical properties	Olgun and Yildiz (2017)
ZnONPs	40 mg/kg (27 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–42 days old)	Improved the overall performance, Zn content in blood	Badawi et al. (2017)
Nano-Zn	20, 40, 60 and 80 µg/egg (< 100 nm)	Broiler chickens in ovo (18^th day of incubation)	No deleterious effect on the developing embryo and percentage of hatchability	Joshua et al. (2016)
ZnONPs	40 mg/kg (39.2–41.3 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–35 days old)	Improved performance (body weight gain, feed efficiency) and gut health (villus height and crypt depth)	Hafez et al. (2017)
ZnONPs	50 mg/kg (27 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–42 days old)	Increased SOD activity and decreased MDA; increased content of Fe and Cu in the hepatic tissue and content of Zn in the tibia; positive effect on mRNA expression of insulin like growth factor-1 and growth hormone genes	Ibrahim et al. (2017)
ZnONPs	40 and 80 mg/kg (19.3 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–35 days old)	Improved gut health by increasing villus height, and villus surface area of broiler small intestine	Ali et al. (2017)
Nano-Zn	15, 30 and 60 mg/kg	Giriraja chickens (1–56 days old)	Improved growth rate, increase in body weight, feed consumption ratio as compared to zinc sulfate for 60 mg/kg	Pathak et al. (2016)
Nano-Zn	40, 60 and 80 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1–42 days old)	Improved performance – body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio and immune response under heat stress conditions especially for 80 mg/kg as compared to zinc sulfate	Sagar et al. (2018)
ZnONPs/egg	0.04 and 0.08 mg (< 100 nm)	Broiler chickens in ovo (18^th day of incubation)	No effect on performance parameters; no effect on immune response; reduction in percentage of hatchability	Jose et al. (2018)
ZnONPs	100 and 200 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1–21 days old)	Increased carcasses yield; increased weight of lymphoid and digestive organs during the starter stage	Mohammadi et al. (2015)
Nano-Zn	0.3, 0.06 and 0.03 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1–42 days old)	Improved health (immunity) status and increase in Zn concentration in tibia bone, liver, and blood serum for 0.06 mg/kg	Sahoo et al. (2014)
ZnONPs	30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg (40 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–21 days old)	Improved antioxidant parameters and serum enzymes activity during the starter period	Ahmadi et al. (2014)
ZnONPs	500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/kg	Piglets	Anti-diarrhoea effect, improved growth when compared with ordinary-size ZnO (3000 mg/kg)	Ouyang et al. (2021)
ZnONPs	150 mg/kg	Piglets’ pre-starter (28–47 day of life) and starter (48–74 day of life)	The low level of ZnONPs (150 mg/kg) can exhibit a similar antidiarrheal action as high therapeutic doses of ZnO (from 1000 to 4000 mg/kg)	Szuba-Trznadel et al. (2021)
ZnONPs	20, 40, or 60 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (Ross 308)	Improved broiler chicken growth, nutritional digestibility, carcass criteria, and liver and kidney functions under heated climatic circumstances for all ZnONPs doses	Abdel-Wareth et al. (2022)
Nano-Ag	4, 8 and 12 mg/L of drinking water	Broiler chickens	Negative effect of nano-Ag a on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion rate when compared with the control group	Ahmadi and Rahimi (2011)
AgNPs	0.5 and 1.0 mg AgNPs/kg body weight	Rabbits	Reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma when compared to the control group; the highest concentration of GPX and MDA for AgNPs	Abdelsalam et al. (2019)
CuNPs	0.3 mL of 50 mg/L of drinking water	Broiler chickens in ovo	A positive effect on broiler chickens’ performance (e.g., body weight) as compared to the control group	Mroczek-Sosnowska et al. (2015b)
CuNPs	10 mg/L of drinking water (< 100 nm)	Broiler chickens	Improved immunity, behavior and growth performance more efficiently than CuSO4	El-kazaz and Hafez (2020)
CuNPs	50 mg/kg (2–15 nm)	Chicken embryo injection (1st day of incubation)	Improved metabolic rate and no harmful effect on embryo development	Scott et al. (2016)
Nano-Cu	5, 10 and 15 mg/L of drinking water (5 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–7 weeks old)	Increased content of Cu in the blood; decreased absorption of Zn and Ca; No effect on Fe absorption	Ognik et al. (2016b)
Nano-Cu	50 mg/kg (15–70 nm)	Chicken embryo (1st day of incubation)	Positive effect on chicken growth performance and improved percentage of breast and leg muscles	Mroczek-Sosnowska et al. (2015a)
CuNPs	50 mg/kg	Broiler chickens injection (1st day of incubation)	Increased accumulation of Cu in the liver and spleen organs	Mroczek-Sosnowska et al. (2014)
Nano-Cu	100 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1–32 days old)	No effect on the growth performance and digestibility of nutrients	Sarvestani et al. (2016)
Nano-Cu	50 mg/kg (37.3 nm)	Chicken embryo injection (1st day of incubation)	Pro-angiogenic properties at a systemic level to a greater degree than inorganic form of copper (CuSO4)	Mroczek-Sosnowska et al. (2015b)
AuNPs	5 and 15 mg/L of drinking water	Cobb broiler chickens	A positive effect of lower NPs dose on growth performance without any significant difference in immunological parameters and oxidative stress damage in organs (spleen, liver, bursa of fabricius, thymus) as compared to control	Hassanen et al. (2020)
Nano-Se	0.3 mg/kg (50–100 nm)	Laying hens (9–20 weeks old)	Increase immunization cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response	Mohapatra et al. (2014a)
SeNPs	0.075, 0.1125. 0.1875 and 0.225 mg/kg (30–60 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–35 days old)	Improved SOD and GSH-Px activity in the serum; improved the oxidation resistance; decreased MDA level	Aparna and Karunakaran (2016)
Nano-Se	0.075, 0.1125, 0.1875 and 0.225 mg/kg (30–60 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–5 weeks old)	Improved the oxidation resistance with Nano-Se supplementation; increased the expression of liver GSHP × 1 mRNA gene	Aparna et al. (2017)
Nano-Se	0.5 mg/kg (20–80 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–7 weeks old)	Improved immunity and total antioxidant activity of serum with 0.5 mg/kg nano-Se	Bagheri et al. (2015)
Nano-Se	0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg (feed or drinking water) (80 nm)	Broiler chickens (400 days old)	Significant improvement of growth performance and Se content in liver and thigh tissues with increasing nano-Se dose	Selim et al. (2015a)
Nano-Se	0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg (80 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–40 days old)	Better growth rate, feed efficiency and meat quality	Selim et al. (2015b)
Nano-Se	0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1–7 weeks old)	Improved growth performance, carcass parts and immunity; improved anti-ND hemagglutination inhibition titer	Ahmadi et al. (2018)
Nano-Se	0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 1.20 mg/kg	Broiler chickens (1 day old)	Improved growth performance, a plateau for gain/feed and survival ratio for 0.15–1.20 mg/kg of nano-Se, increase with nano-Se dose increase; increase in Se concentrations in serum, liver and breast muscle (higher for Nano-Se than for sodium selenite); increased serum GSH-Px activity	Hu et al. (2012)
Nano-Se	50, 150 and 300 ppb	Giriraja chickens (1–56 days old)	Increased water holding capacity of meat; no impact on carcass characteristics and production parameters	Prasoon et al. (2018)
Nano-Se	0.10 mg/kg	Lambs	Reduced the oxidative stress; enhanced the activity of blood glutathione peroxidase; increased the lambs weight gain; no effects on Cu, Zn and Fe levels in blood	Yaghmaie et al. (2017)
Nano-Se	0.3 mg/kg	Goats	Improved growth performance (finial body weight (BW) and average daily gain); improved serum oxidant status (GSH-Px, SOD, CAT activity); increase in Se concentration in blood and tissues for nano-Se as compared to sodium selenite	Shi et al. (2011b)
Nano-Zn, Nano-Cu, Nano-Se	4, 8, 12 and 16 µg/egg (< 100 nm)	Broiler chickens in ovo injection (18^th day of incubation)	No harmful effects on the developing embryo and hatchability percentage	Joshua et al. (2016)
Calcium phosphate NPs (CPNPs)	50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% (20–90 nm)	Broiler chickens (1–28 days old)	Increase in cumulative feed intake for NPs groups as compared with dicalcium phosphate (100%); higher body weight gain for 50 and 60% of NPs; best feed conversion ratio for 50% NPs	Vijayakumar and Balakrishnan (2014)
Calcium phosphate NPs (CPNPs)	25, 50, 75 and 100% of CPNPs (51-200 nm) with or without dicalcium phosphate (DCP)	Broiler chicks	CPNPs with 50% level increased body weight gain without altering feed conversion ratio, biochemical parameters, and carcass characteristics similarly to the 100% DCP	Samanta et al. (2019)
Nano-Cr	200 and 400 µg/kg	Babcock layer chickens	No effect on growth performance, egg production and egg weight; except Cu, significant increase in the retention of Cr, Zn, Fe, Ca and P; nano-Cr (400 µg/kg) increased the concentration of minerals in some organs such as in plasma (Cr and Zn), liver and egg shell (Cr, Ca and Zn), and Zn in egg yolk	Sathyabama and Jagadeeswaran (2016)

Table 2. Ameliorative and antimicrobial effects of nano-minerals on different animal species – in vitro and in vivo studies.

Type of NPs	Dose/size of NPs	Animal species/age	Pathogen/stress	Effects	References
ZnONPs	10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced footpad dermatitis	ZnONPs prevented multidrug resistant S. aureus-induced footpad dermatitis and ameliorated the negative effects on behavior (standing and walking) and performance	Mahmoud et al. (2021)
ZnNPs	45, 90, 135 and 180 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.	Reduction in population of pathogenic intestinal bacteria	Hidayat et al. (2021)
ZnONPs	20 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Mixed Eimeria species (E. maxima, E. mivati, E. acervulina, and E. tenella)	In the infected group, enhanced growth performance, decreased average oocyst count numerically, significantly lowered gut lesion score; ZnONPs enhanced PCV and Hb percent, and RBC count considerably, boosted plasma carotenoids levels and antioxidant activity, and lowered MDA	El-Maddawy et al. (2022)
ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs)	(3-6 nm)	Chicks	Salmonella pullorum	ZnO QDs effectively reduced the mortality of infected chickens by regulating intestinal flora balance, preserving the liver and gut, and altering the balance of antioxidation systems	Li et al. (2021)
ZnO QDs	(3-6 nm)	In vitro	E. coli, S. aureus and S. pullorum	The growth of all microorganisms was suppressed by ZnO QDs at a rate of 87.1, 94.7, and 85.6%, respectively with the lowest inhibitory concentrations of 0.781, 0.0976, and 0.195 mg/mL	Li et al. (2021)
Nano-Ag	25 mg/L	Pigs	African swine fever virus	Reduced microbial contamination in the pig house	Dung et al. (2020)
AgNPs	150 µg/bird, drinking water (15 nm)	Broiler chickens	C. perfringens induced necrotic enteritis	AgNPs reduced the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate, pathological lesions in the intestine and liver of infected birds; reduced C. perfringens colonization in the small and large intestine	Salem et al. (2021)
AgNPs	50 mg/L of drinking water (15 nm)	Broiler chickens	Pathogenic Escherichia coli	Reduced mortality rate from 14.1% in control to 4.92% in group treated with AgNPs	Kumar and Bhattacharya (2019)
AgNPs	15 mg/L of drinking water	Chickens	Eimeria tenella	AgNPs induced a slightly better cecal lesion score than the untreated birds; 50% less oocysts in the feces compared to the untreated group; no effect on the weight gain	Chauke and Siebrits (2012)
AgNPs	50 mg/L	Broiler chickens	Campylobacter jejuni	AgNPs had no antibacterial effect on C. jejuni and different intestinal bacteria; impaired broiler growth and immune functions	Vadalasetty et al. (2018)
Nano-Se	Not available	Broiler chickens	Mild Clostridium perfringens challenge model	Upregulated gene expression of gut barrier function; promoted shifts in gut bacterial enzyme activity to increase energy uptake in challenged birds and increased collagenase activity	Konieczka et al. (2020)
Nano-Se	0.4 g/kg	Quail	Gut microbiota	Decreased total bacterial count, total yeast and molds count, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. colonization, increased lactic acid bacteria counts than those in the control group	Alagawany et al. (2021)
Nano-Se	100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/mL (65.2 nm)	In vitro (Disc diffusion method)	Bacterial isolates (Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia); fungal isolates (Candida tropicalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigates)	SeNPs exhibited an antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial isolates with more resistance showed Gram-negative bacteria; inhibition of all tested fungi isolates; antioxidant activity of SeNPs (showed by scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals)	Abdel-Moneim et al. (2022)
SeNPs	5 mM and 10 mM; (79.4- 44.3 nm)	In vitro (Disc diffusion method)	Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella abony, E. coli, Candida albicans	Antimicrobial activities against all tested microorganisms with superior effect on S. abony, followed by K. pneumoniae, then C. albicans and E. coli	Abbas et al. (2021)
SeNPs	0.5 mg/kg	Laying hens	Deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicity	SeNPs provided effective anti-oxidative protection against DON toxicity; reduced DON’s effect on egg production rate, egg quality and serum calcium level	Qu et al. (2017)
Gold, Silver, Copper NPs	25 and 50 mg/kg	In vitro	E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, S. aureus, C. albicans and C. krusei isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis	AgNPs (both doses) and copper (50 mg/kg) showed the highest inhibiting activity against the pathogens while gold NPs were the weakest	Wernicki et al. (2014)

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