Prevalence of babesiosis in bovines of India: a meta-analytical approach for 30 years (1990–2019)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of study selection for meta-analysis of babesiosis in bovine in India respectively, and the outliers can be differentiated.

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used in the study.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Studies included specified for the taken diseases, i.e. babesiosis.	Studies other than the mentioned diseases
Studies included only about bovines	Studies other than bovines
Studies specified to India only	Study radius outside India
Studies which were having a definite sample size	Studies having an indefinite or inadequate sample size
Random sampling	Purposive sampling or non-random sampling if tried
Publication Years (1990-2019)	Studies other than the said period
Studies depicted only the prevalence of the diseases of interest which were naturally occurred in an area or state in a given period.	Experimental studies or the studies where experimentally causing the disease to conduct clinical trials.

Table 2. Details of studies included in the meta-analysis of babesiosis.

Sl. no.	Author	Year	State	Diagnostic test used
1.	Chandra and Rajkhowa,1990	1990	Meghalaya	Microscopic (blood smear)
2.	Ansar Kamran et al. 1991	1991	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
3.	Shastri et al. 1991	1991	Maharashtra	Microscopic (blood smear)
4	Jithendran 1997	1997	Himachal Pradesh	Microscopic (blood smear)
5.	Mishra et al. 1998	1998	Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan	Microscopic (blood smear)
6.	Sharma et al. 2000	2000	Himachal Pradesh	Microscopic (blood smear)
7.	Bhikane et al. 2001	2001	Maharashtra	Microscopic (blood smear)
8.	Ravindran et al. 2002	2002	Kerala	Serological (IFAT)
9.	Agrawal et al. 2003	2003	Chhattisgarh	Microscopic (blood smear)
10.	Garg et al. 2004	2004	Uttarakhand	Microscopic (blood smear)
11.	Saud et al. 2005	2005	Arunachal Pradesh	Microscopic (blood smear)
12.	Aulakh et al. 2005	2005	Punjab	Microscopic (blood smear)
13.	Julie et al. 2005	2005	Kerala	Microscopic (blood smear)
14.	Muraleedharan et al. 2005	2005	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
15.	Harish et al. 2006	2006	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
16.	Singh et al. 2007a	2007	Uttar Pradesh	Serological (IFAT)
17.	Singh et al. 2007b	2007	Uttar Pradesh	Molecular (PCR)
18.	Ananda et al. 2009	2009	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
19.	Nair et al. 2011	2011	Kerala	Molecular (PCR)
20.	Rejitha and Devada 2011	2011	Kerala	Serological (IFAT)
21.	Singh et al. 2012	2012	Punjab	Microscopic (blood smear)
22.	Jyothisree et al. 2013	2013	Andhra Pradesh	Molecular (PCR)
23.	Singh et al. 2013	2013	Punjab	Molecular (PCR)
24.	Sharma et al. 2013	2013	Punjab	Molecular (PCR)
25.	Chaudhri et al. 2013	2013	Haryana	Microscopic (blood smear)
26.	Saravanan et al. 2013	2013	Arunachal Pradesh	Molecular (PCR)
27.	Ananda et al. 2014	2014	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
28.	Krishnamurthy et al. 2014	2014	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
29.	Velusamy et al. 2014	2014	Tamil Nadu	Microscopic (blood smear)
30.	Ananda et al. 2014	2014	Karnataka	Microscopic (blood smear)
31.	Kakati et al. 2015	2015	Assam	Microscopic (blood smear)
32.	Bhatnagar et al. 2015	2015	Rajasthan	Microscopic (blood smear)
33.	Sharma et al. 2016	2016	Punjab	Molecular (PCR)
34.	Kumar et al. 2016	2016	Gujarat	Microscopic (blood smear)
35.	Bal et al. 2016	2016	Punjab	Microscopic (blood smear)
36.	Maharana et al. 2016	2016	Gujarat	Microscopic (blood smear)
37.	Kaur et al. 2016	2016	Punjab	Serological (Indirect ELISA)
38.	Ganguly et al. 2017	2017	Haryana	Microscopic (blood smear) examination
39.	Bhat et al. 2017	2017	Punjab	Molecular (PCR)
40.	Kolte et al. 2017	2017	Maharashtra	Molecular (PCR)
41.	Vijayakumar et al. 2017	2017	Karnataka	Molecular (PCR)
42.	Ponnudurai et al. 2017	2017	Tamil Nadu	Microscopic (blood smear)
43.	Nimisha et al. 2017	2017	Kerala	Microscopic (blood smear)
44.	Kumar et al. 2018	2018	Bihar	Molecular (PCR)
45.	Barman et al. 2018	2018	Assam	Microscopic (blood smear)
46.	Gaurav et al. 2018	2018	Uttarakhand	Microscopic (blood smear)
47.	Maharana et al. 2018	2018	Haryana	Molecular (PCR)
48.	Durairajan and Murugan 2019	2019	Tamil Nadu	Microscopic (blood smear)

Figure 2. Forest plot showing studies reporting the prevalence of babesiosis in cattle in India.

Figure 3. Forest plot showing studies reporting the prevalence of babesiosis in buffaloes in India.

Figure 4. Forest plot showing studies reporting the prevalence of babesiosis in bovines in India.

Figure 5. Funnel plot for identification of publication bias in meta-analysis of the prevalence of babesiosis among cattle.

Figure 6. Funnel plot for identification of publication bias in meta-analysis of the prevalence of babesiosis among buffaloes.

Figure 7. Funnel plot for identification of publication bias in meta-analysis of the prevalence of babesiosis among bovine.

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Availability of data and material

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.