Using extended theory of planned behavior to determine factors associated with help-seeking behavior of sexual problems in women with heart failure: a longitudinal study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Using extended theory of planned behavior to explain the help-seeking behavior in sexual problem and the sexual function. FSFI_diff: FSFI follow-up latent score minus FSFI baseline latent score; FSFI: female sexual function index; SRMR: standardized root mean square residual; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation; CFI: comparative fit index; TLI: Tucker-Lewis index. Age, NYHA, and BMI were controlled in the model. Dashed lines indicate nonsignificant relationship; solid lines indicate significant relationship. *p < .05; **p < .01

Table 1. Participant characteristics (N = 758).

	M (SD) or n (%)
Age (year)	61.21 (8.92)
Year of education	6.41 (3.57)
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.10 (4.88)
Currently smoker (no.)	598 (78.9)
NYHA class
I	77 (10.2)
II	388 (51.2)
III	192 (25.3)
IV	101 (13.3)
Duration of illness (year)	3.35 (2.50)
Employment (no.)	478 (63.1)
Elements in proposed extended TPB
Attitude	3.75 (0.93)^a
Subjective norms	2.87 (1.01)^a
Perceived behavioral control	3.47 (1.02)^a
Behavioral intention	3.55 (1.11)^a
Perceived barriers	3.42 (0.82)^a
Self-stigma of seeking help	27.54 (6.61)
Frequency of planning	2.49 (0.94)^a
Help-seeking behavior (no.)	572 (75.5)
Emotional distress
Anxiety	8.91 (4.81)
Depression	6.52 (4.60)
Baseline score in FSFI domain
Desire	2.98 (1.16)^a
Arousal	2.48 (1.14)^a
Lubrication	2.04 (1.99)^a
Orgasm	1.91 (1.87)^a
Satisfaction	2.81 (1.39)^a
Pain	1.80 (2.02)^a
Follow-up score in FSFI domain
Desire	2.94 (1.23)^a
Arousal	2.56 (1.19)^a
Lubrication	2.45 (1.92)^a
Orgasm	2.30 (1.82)^a
Satisfaction	2.96 (1.38)^a
Pain	2.42 (2.03)^a

NYHA: New York Heart Association classification; FSFI: female sexual function index; TPB: theory of planned behavior.

^aReported in the mean average score; that is, total score divided by item number.

Table 2. Mediated effects of frequency of planning, perceived barriers, and help-seek behavior.

Independent variable	Dependent variable	Mediator	Coefficient (SE)	Standardized coefficient	p-Value
Behavioral intention	Help-seeking behavior	Frequency of planning	0.009 (0.004)	0.024	.016
Behavioral intention	Help-seeking behavior	Perceived barriers	0.010 (0.003)	0.026	.001
Behavioral intention	FSFI difference	Help-seek behavior	0.142 (0.034)	0.063	<.001

FSFI: female sexual function index; FSFI difference: FSFI follow-up latent score minus FSFI baseline latent score.