The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection with menstrual characteristics changes in China: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Basal characteristics of study participants.

	All participants (n = 1016)
Age (years) (Mean ± SD)	33.08 ± 7.21
BMI (kg/m^2) (Mean ± SD)	21.93 ± 2.98
Race (n/%)
Chinese Han	897 (88.3)
Non-Chinese Han	119 (11.7)
Marriage status (n/%)
Single	280 (27.6)
Married	723 (71.2)
Divorced	13 (1.3)
Education (n/%)
Less college	128 (12.6)
College	675 (66.4)
College above	213 (21.0)
Blood type (n/%)
A	248 (24.4)
B	290 (28.5)
O	296 (29.1)
AB	75 (7.4)
Unknown	107 (10.5)
Medical history (n/%)
Hypothyroidism	58 (5.7)
Hyperthyroidism	21 (2.1)
PCOS	99 (9.7)
POI	37 (3.6)
Diabetes	15 (1.5)
Hyperprolactinemia	10 (1.0)
Hyperlipidemia	38 (3.7)
No disease	742 (73.0)
Unknown	73 (7.2)
OCs	29 (2.9)

PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome; POI: primary ovarian insufficiency; OCs: oral contraceptives.

Figure 1. The association of age and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity with menstrual change using restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling.

Table 2. Comparison of variables between the two groups.

	Menstrual change group (n = 530)	No menstrual change group (n = 486)	p value
Age (years) (Mean ± SD)	32.55 ± 7.00	33.67 ± 7.39	.013
BMI (kg/m^2) (Mean ± SD)	21.78 ± 3.07	22.10 ± 2.88	.081
Race (n/%)			.388
Chinese Han	463 (87.4)	434 (89.3)
Non-Chinese Han	67 (12.6)	52 (10.7)
Marriage status (n/%)			.187
Single	155 (29.2)	125 (25.7)
Married	366 (69.1)	357 (73.5)
Divorced	9 (1.7)	4 (0.8)
Education (n/%)			.781
Less college	69 (13.0)	59 (12.1)
College	354 (66.8)	321 (66.0)
College above	107 (20.2)	106 (21.8)
Blood type (n/%)			.818
A	135 (25.5)	113 (23.3)
B	146 (27.5)	144 (29.6)
O	155 (29.2)	141 (29.0)
AB	40 (7.5)	35 (7.2)
Unknown	54 (10.2)	53 (10.9)
Medical history (n/%)
Hypothyroidism	33 (6.2)	25 (5.1)	.544
Hyperthyroidism	9 (1.7)	12 (2.5)	.521
PCOS	50 (9.4)	49 (10.1)	.809
POI	22 (4.2)	15 (3.1)	.461
Diabetes	7 (1.3)	8 (1.6)	.866
Hyperprolactinemia	5 (0.9)	5 (1.0)	1
Hyperlipidemia	21 (4.0)	17 (3.5)	.823
No disease	386 (72.8)	356 (73.3)	.936
Unknown	48 (9.1)	25 (5.1)	.022
OCs	11 (2.1)	18 (3.7)	.171

PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome; POI: primary ovarian insufficiency; OCs: oral contraceptives.

Figure 2. The distribution of different types of menstrual abnormalities in the participants.

Table 3. Comparison of severity of COVID-19 and mental health between the two groups.

OR	Menstrual change group (n = 530)	No menstrual change group (n = 486)	Unadjusted model			Adjusted model
			OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Self-reported severity of COVID-19 (n/%)			1.20	1.12, 1.29	<.001	1.20	1.12, 1.28	<.001
No symptom	5 (0.9)	25 (5.1)
1	17 (3.2)	34 (7.0)
2	46 (8.7)	54 (11.1)
3	85 (16.0)	95 (19.5)
4	87 (16.4)	65 (13.4)
5	125 (23.6)	110 (22.6)
6	94 (17.7)	62 (12.8)
7	43 (8.1)	28 (5.8)
8	23 (4.3)	9 (1.9)
9	1 (0.2)	3 (0.6)
10	4 (0.8)	1 (0.2)
Symptom
Fever (n/%)	372 (70.2)	280 (57.6)	1.73	1.34, 2.25	<.001	1.65	1.27, 2.14	<.001
Fatigue (n/%)	387 (73.0)	312 (64.2)	1.51	1.16, 1.97	.002	1.5	1.15, 1.97	.003
Headache (n/%)	327 (61.7)	248 (51.0)	1.55	1.20, 1.99	<.001	1.55	1.20, 2.00	<.001
Pain (n/%)	326 (61.5)	263 (54.1)	1.35	1.06, 1.74	.017	1.41	1.09, 1.82	.008
Cough (n/%)	376 (70.9)	291 (59.9)	1.64	1.26, 2.13	<.001	1.61	1.24, 2.10	<.001
Other symptoms (n/%)	135 (25.5)	99 (20.4)	1.34	1.00, 1.80	.054	1.29	0.96, 1.74	.092
Medicines used (n/%)
No medication	43 (8.1)	69 (14.2)	0.53	0.35, 0.79	.002	0.55	0.36, 0.82	.004
Acetaminophen	214 (40.4)	159 (32.7)	1.39	1.08, 1.80	.011	1.4	1.08, 1.81	.012
Ibuprofen	300 (56.6)	222 (45.7)	1.55	1.21, 1.99	<.001	1.5	1.17, 1.93	.001
Antiviral	75 (14.2)	63 (13.0)	1.11	0.77, 1.59	.6	1.16	0.80, 1.67	.4
Azvudine	8 (1.5)	2 (0.4)	3.71	0.92, 24.7	.1	3.78	0.93, 25.3	.1
Paxlovid	2 (0.4)	0 (0.0)				–	–	–
Pectoral	196 (37.0)	158 (32.5)	1.22	0.94, 1.58	.14	1.23	0.94, 1.60	.13
Lianhua Qingwen	148 (27.9)	127 (26.1)	1.1	0.83, 1.45	.5	1.14	0.86, 1.52	.3
Other medication	89 (16.8)	69 (14.2)	1.22	0.87, 1.72	.3	1.25	0.89, 1.77	.2
Mental problems (n/%)
Nervous	120 (22.6)	84 (17.3)	1.4	1.03, 1.92	.034	1.53	1.12, 2.11	.009
Anxiety	185 (34.9)	119 (24.5)	1.65	1.26, 2.18	<.001	1.67	1.27, 2.20	<.001
Depression	78 (14.7)	40 (8.2)	1.92	1.29, 2.90	.001	1.86	1.25, 2.82	.003
Fear	57 (10.8)	31 (6.4)	1.77	1.13, 2.82	.014	1.83	1.16, 2.94	.011
No mental ill	216 (40.8)	238 (49.0)	0.72	0.56, 0.92	.009	0.69	0.53, 0.88	.003
Relax	65 (12.3)	62 (12.8)	0.96	0.66, 1.39	.8	0.95	0.65, 1.39	.8
Other mental ill	47 (8.9)	41 (8.4)	1.06	0.68, 1.64	.8	1.07	0.68, 1.67	.8

Data availability statement

Data will be made available on requests to the responding author.