The COVID-19 pandemic and the experience of postpartum depression

Figures & data

Figures 1-5. Logistic regression analyses controlled for significant background factors and entered the interaction term on the final step.

Table 1. Participant background characteristics by timing of delivery.

	Pre-Pandemic	Early Pandemic	Later Pandemic
	(n = 100)	(n = 93)	(n = 49)	F/χ2	p
Maternal age (years)	25.6 (3.2)	26.3 (3.3)	27.9 (4.1)	2.91	.056
Marital status (% married/cohabitating)	76.2%	65.3%	73.5%	3.01	.220
Race (% white non-Hispanic)	42.6%	35.8%	51.0%	3.15	.207
Medical insurance (% private)	10.9%	18.9%	24.5%	4.92	.085
Childcare (% with some amount of non-parental care)	36.6%	21.1%	40.8%	8.02	.018
Existing maternal mental health issues (%)	44.6%	26.3%	49.0%	9.81	.007
Current maternal substance use (% any)	50.5%	41.1%	55.1%	3.08	.215
Current maternal substance use (% excluding tobacco use)	44.6%	31.6%	51.0%	6.05	.049
Newborn admitted to NICU (%)	27.7%	17.9%	26.5%	2.89	.235
Low birth weight (% <2.5 kg)	13.0%	12.4%	16.3%	.46	.796
Preterm delivery (% <37 weeks)	19.2%	11.4%	12.2%	2.59	.274

Table 2. Regression results predicting PPD status and level.

Logistic Regression Predicting PPD Status	Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)
Background factors
Maternal age	.98 (.93 to 1.03)
Income dependent insurance (ref: private)	.75 (.34 to 1.66)
Some level of childcare (ref: complete parental)	1.05 (.57 to 1.93)
Maternal drug use (ref: no use except tobacco)	1.28 (.71 to 2.30)
Timing of birth
Early pandemic (ref: pre-pandemic & later pandemic)	.81 (.42 to 1.54)
Later pandemic (ref: pre-pandemic & early pandemic)	.89 (.41 to 1.93)
Linear Regression Predicting PPD Level	Adjusted Mean Difference (95% confidence interval)
Background factors
Maternal age	−0.07 (-0.22 to .07)
Income dependent insurance (ref: private)	−0.53 (-2.73 to 1.67)
Some level of childcare (ref: complete parental)	.39 (-1.29 to 2.07)
Maternal drug us (ref: no use except tobacco)	.73 (-0.90 to 2.34)
Timing of birth
Early pandemic (ref: pre-pandemic & later pandemic)	−0.55 (-2.17 to 1.07)
Later pandemic (ref: pre-pandemic & early pandemic)	−0.06 (-2.19 to 2.08)

Note: Associated odds ratios and adjusted mean differences are from the final step of the regression with all potential confounders (variables related to timing of birth at p < 0.01 from Table 1) entered into the equation.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and analyzed for this study are the property of CMU Medical Education Partners and Covenant Health System, not the study authors. As such, data are not publicly available, and any request for access would need to be made to and approved by both CMU Medical Education Partners and Covenant Health System.