Association between adverse childhood experience and unintended pregnancy among Japanese women: a large-scale cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Basic participant demographics included in the analysis (N = 5409).

Mean ± SD or number (%)
Maternal age	32.0 ± 5.2
18 − 24	196 (3.6)
25 − 29	1565 (28.9)
30 − 34	2169 (40.1)
35 − 39	1256 (23.2)
40+	223 (4.1)
Education
High school graduate	2680 (49.5)
University graduate	2729 (50.5)
Household income (million JPY)
<3	189 (3.5)
3–10	4220 (78.0)
≧10	1000 (18.5)
Occupation
Unemployed	992 (18.3)
Employed	4417 (81.7)
Marital Status
Married	5369 (99.3)
Others	40 (0.7)
Parity
0	2415 (44.6)
1	2053 (38.0)
2	754 (13.9)
≧3	187 (3.5)
Pregnancy intention
Intended	4516 (83.5)
Unintended	893 (16.5)
ACEs
0	2847 (52.6)
1	1276 (23.6)
2	623 (11.5)
3	324 (6.0)
4+	339 (6.3)
Family APGAR
Good (≦3)	3668 (67.8)
Fair (≧4, ≦6)	1260 (23.3)
Bad (≧7)	481 (8.9)
Social network (Number of people you can call for help in times of need)
Any	5348 (98.9)
None	61 (1.1)

Table 2. Crude and multivariate analysis of ACEs and other risk factors for unintended pregnancy among Japanese women.

	Crude analysis OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 2 OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 3 OR (95% CI)	p-value
ACEs
0 (Ref)	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
1	1.21 (1.04 − 1.40)	0.012	1.08 (0.89 − 1.30)	0.436	1.04 (0.86 − 1.26)	0.694	1.00 (0.82 − 1.21)	0.960
2	1.60 (1.34 − 1.91)	< 0.001	1.54 (1.23 − 1.93)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.20 − 1.89)	< 0.001	1.39 (1.10 − 1.76)	0.005
3	1.67 (1.32 − 2.12)	< 0.001	1.59 (1.20 − 2.12)	0.001	1.52 (1.13 − 2.04)	0.005	1.38 (1.02 − 1.86)	0.037
4+	2.18 (1.76 − 2.69)	< 0.001	2.20 (1.69 − 2.86)	< 0.001	2.07 (1.57 − 2.72)	< 0.001	1.81 (1.37 − 2.39)	< 0.001
Maternal age
18 − 24 (Ref)	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
25 − 29	0.39 (0.31 − 0.48)	< 0.001	0.43 (0.31 − 0.59)	< 0.001	0.43 (0.31 − 0.60)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.30 − 0.57)	< 0.001
30 − 34	0.28 (0.23 − 0.34)	< 0.001	0.28 (0.21 − 0.39)	< 0.001	0.26 (0.18 − 0.35)	< 0.001	0.24 (0.18 − 0.34)	< 0.001
35 − 39	0.31 (0.25 − 0.39)	< 0.001	0.29 (0.21 − 0.41)	< 0.001	0.23 (0.16 − 0.33)	< 0.001	0.22 (0.16 − 0.32)	< 0.001
40+	0.35 (0.22 − 0.57)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.23 − 0.56)	< 0.001	0.28 (0.17 − 0.45)	< 0.001	0.26 (0.16 − 0.42)	< 0.001
Education
High school graduate (Ref)	−	−			−	−	−	−
University graduate	0.71 (0.62 − 0.81)	< 0.001			0.83 (0.71 − 0.96)	0.015	0.83 (0.71 − 0.97)	0.022
Household income (million JPY)
<3 (Ref)	−	−			−	−	−	−
3–10	0.61 (0.46 − 0.80)	< 0.001			0.72 (0.50 − 1.04)	0.083	0.76 (0.52 − 1.10)	0.141
≧10	0.35 (0.25 − 0.49)	< 0.001			0.50 (0.33 − 0.77)	0.001	0.53 (0.35 − 0.81)	0.003
Occupation
Unemployed (Ref)	−	−			−	−	−	−
Employed					1.04 (0.85 − 1.26)	0.718	1.03 (0.85 − 1.26)	0.730
Marital Status
Married (Ref)	−	−			−	−	−	−
Other	5.97 (4.20 − 8.49)	< 0.001			2.56 (1.28 − 5.13)	0.008	2.41 (1.20 − 4.87)	0.014
Parity
0 (Ref)	−	−			−	−	−	−
1	1.09 (0.95 − 1.25)	0.242			1.17 (0.99 − 1.40)	0.072	1.15 (0.96 − 1.36)	0.128
2	1.64 (1.39 − 1.93)	< 0.001			2.06 (1.65 − 2.57)	< 0.001	2.02 (1.62 − 2.53)	< 0.001
≧3	5.21 (4.12 − 6.59)	< 0.001			6.64 (4.78 − 9.21)	< 0.001	6.61 (4.76 − 9.19)	< 0.001
Family APGAR
Good (≦3)	−	−					−	−
Fair (≧4, ≦6)	1.34 (1.17 − 1.54)	< 0.001					1.36 (1.14 − 1.62)	0.001
Bad (≧7)	1.83 (1.53 − 2.19)	< 0.001					1.43 (1.11 − 1.85)	0.006
Social Network (Number of people you can ask for help if needed)
Any (Ref)	−	−					−	−
None	2.38 (1.59 − 3.56)	< 0.001					2.23 (1.27 − 3.90)	0.005
AIC			4742.790		4568.588		4548.269

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: reference, AIC: Akaike’s Information Criterion.

Table 3. Crude and multivariate analysis of specific ACE domains and other risk factors for unintended pregnancy among Japanese women.

	N (%)	Crude analysis OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	p-value
ACEs
Parental separation	257 (4.8)	1.10 (0.85 − 1.44)	0.472	1.10 (0.84 − 1.44)	0.476
Parental divorce	680 (12.6)	1.44 (1.22 − 1.71)	< 0.001	1.27 (1.07 − 1.52)	0.006
Parental mental illness	334 (6.2)	1.17 (0.93 − 1.48)	0.177	1.15 (0.91 − 1.45)	0.245
Mother treated violently	388 (7.2)	0.96 (0.76 − 1.21)	0.726	0.97 (0.77 − 1.22)	0.806
Physical abuse	258 (4.8)	1.28 (0.97 − 1.69)	0.081	1.21 (0.91 − 1.60)	0.183
Neglect	84 (1.6)	1.17 (0.78 − 1.75)	0.454	1.10 (0.73 − 1.67)	0.640
Emotional abuse	837 (15.5)	1.07 (0.90 − 1.28)	0.456	1.11 (0.93 − 1.33)	0.240
Childhood poverty	682 (12.6)	1.38 (1.16 − 1.64)	< 0.001	1.38 (1.16 − 1.64)	< 0.001
Bullying	1400 (25.9)	1.10 (0.96 − 1.26)	0.176	1.11 (0.96 − 1.27)	0.146
Sexual abuse	218 (4.0)	0.95 (0.71 − 1.27)	0.702	0.98 (0.74 − 1.31)	0.908
Maternal age
18 − 24 (Ref)				−	−
25 − 29				0.37 (0.28 − 0.47)	< 0.001
30 − 34				0.25 (0.19 − 0.32)	< 0.001
35 − 39				0.27 (0.21 − 0.36)	< 0.001
40+				0.33 (0.24 − 0.48)	< 0.001
AIC		7324.8		7217.4

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: reference, AIC: Akaike’s Information Criterion.

In model 1, maternal age was entered between the specific ACE domains and unintended pregnancy.

Data availability statement

Due to the presence of personally identifiable or potentially sensitive information, the data used in the present study are not deposited in a public repository. The Research Ethics Committee of the Osaka International Cancer Institute has restricted data sharing in compliance with Japanese ethical guidelines laws. Any questions on data use should be directed to Dr. Takahiro Tabuchi at [email protected]. More information about data availability can be obtained on the JACSIS website (https://jacsis-study.jp/howtouse/).