Analyzing the dynamic measurement of growth and development in children born after the transplantation of poor quality blastocyst embryos: a propensity matching study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The flowchart.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients in two groups (GQE group and PQE group).

Characteristics	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p Value
Maternal age (years)	30.45 ± 3.72	31.0 ± 4.31	.491
Maternal BMI (kg/m^2)	20.77 ± 6.25	19.77 ± 8.82	.492
AMH (μg/dL)	3.455 (2.360, 5.785)	3.205 (1.573, 4.333)	.243
Maternal occupation, n (%)			.543
Less advantaged	29 (30.00)	13 (40.00)
Middle	43 (45.00)	12 (37.50)
Most advantaged	20 (25.00)	7 (22.50)
Paternal age (years)	32.68 ± 4.88	33.06 ± 5.09	.708
Paternal BMI (kg/m^2)	23.88 ± 6.64	23.5 ± 8.16	.805
Paternal occupation, n (%)			.322
Less advantaged	24 (25.00)	6 (20.00)
Middle	51 (53.75)	22 (67.50)
Most advantaged	20 (21.25)	4 (12.50)
Primary infertility, n (%)	51 (53.68)	14 (43.75)	.443

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients in two groups (GQE group and PQE group).

Characteristics	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p Value
Controlled stimulation Protocol, n (%)			.417
GnRH agonist	78 (82.11)	24 (75.00)
GnRH antagonist	12 (12.63)	7 (21.88)
Others	5 (5.26)	1 (3.12)
Gn dose (IU)	1312.5 (1075.0, 1918.8)	1537.500 (1237.5, 2137.5)	.148
E2 level in the trigger days	4075.2 ± 1766.2	3249.0 ± 1684.5	.022
No. of oocytes retrieved(n)	12.68 (4.183)	11.31 (4.948)	.128
MII oocytes rate, n (%)	1.00 (0.91, 1.00)	1.000 (0.90, 1.00)	.346
2PN oocytes rate, n (%)	0.807 (0.139)	0.825 (0.131)	.529
Good-quality cleavage embryos rate, n (%)	0.684 (0.198)	0.499 (0.254)	<.0001
Blastocyst formation rate, n (%)	0.83 (0.70, 1.00)	0.50 (0.29, 0.78)	<.0001

Table 3. Neonatal outcomes of singleton gestation of patients in two groups (GQE group and PQE group).

Characteristics	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p Value
Gestational age (weeks)	38.000 (38.000, 39.000)	38.000 (37.000, 39.000)	.066
Preterm birth, n (%)	7 (7.37)	5 (15.62)	.302
Birth weight (g)	3355.895 (493.917)	3200.000 (516.652)	.129
Low birth weight, n (%)	2 (2.1)	2 (6.25)	.263
Birth height (cm)	49.887 (2.327)	49.407 (2.062)	.350
Macrosomia, n (%)	8 (8.42)	1 (3.12)	.448
Cesarean section, n (%)	38 (62.30)	24 (88.89)	.012
Apgar score	9.164 (0.583)	9.080 (0.640)	.557
Gender, n (%)			.166
Male	54 (56.84)	13 (40.62)
Female	41 (43.16)	19 (59.38)

Table 4. Children growth and development of patients in two groups (GQE group and PQE group).

		1 month			3 months
		GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p
Breastfeeding way (%)	Breast­feeding only	33 (54.10)	12 (46.15)	.282	39 (63.93)	11 (42.31)	.163
	Artificial only	8 (13.11)	1 (3.85)		7 (11.48)	4 (15.38)
	Mixed	19 (31.15)	13 (50.00)		15 (24.59)	11 (42.31)
	Other	1 (1.64)	0 (0.00)		–	–
Height (cm)		55.308 (2.447)	54.637 (2.432)	.238	62.595 (2.640)	61.304 (1.985)	.028
Weight (kg)		4.659 (0.687)	4.433 (0.655)	.153	6.875 (0.913)	6.531 (0.766)	.096
BMI (kg/m^2)		15.159 (1.253)	14.778 (1.272)	.194	17.514 (1.801)	17.347 (1.599)	.684
Head circumference(cm)		36.997 (1.943)	37.259 (2.502)	.595	40.300 (1.413)	39.796 (1.246)	.120
Fontanel area (cm^2)		4.000 [2.250, 4.000]	4.000 [1.845, 4.000]	.676	3.240 [1.000, 4.000]	2.250 [2.250, 4.000]	.724
		6 months			8 months
		GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p
Breastfeeding way (%)	Breast­feeding only	25 (39.68)	4 (15.38)	.084	17 (25.00)	3 (12.00)	.478
	Artificial only	12 (19.05)	7 (26.92)		18 (26.47)	8 (32.00)
	Mixed	26 (41.27)	15 (57.69)		31 (45.59)	14 (56.00)
	Other	–	–		2 (2.94)	0 (0.00)
Height (cm)		68.917 (3.373)	67.804 (2.135)	.123	71.559 (2.686)	70.752 (2.354)	.187
Weight (kg)		8.428 (1.086)	8.349 (1.224)	.766	9.199 (1.158)	9.087 (1.475)	.701
BMI (kg/m^2)		17.727 (1.656)	18.118 (1.999)	.342	17.907 (1.451)	18.125 (2.478)	.601
Head circumference (cm)		43.041 (1.468)	42.750 (1.303)	.382	44.310 (1.588)	43.984 (1.728)	.392
Fontanel area (cm^2)		2.250 [1.000, 2.250]	1.845 [1.000, 3.562]	.800	1.000 [1.000, 2.250]	1.000 [1.000, 2.250]	.931
No. of teeth (n)		0.000 [0.000, 1.000]	0.000 [0.000, 0.000]	.680	2.000 [0.000, 4.000]	2.000 [0.000, 2.000]	.101
		12 months			18 months
		GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p
Breastfeeding way (%)	Breast­feeding only	4 (6.67)	3 (15.79)	.208	1 (2.13)	0 (0.00)	.712
	Artificial only	36 (60.00)	14 (73.68)		39 (82.98)	10 (83.33)
	Mixed	16 (26.67)	2 (10.53)		3 (6.38)	0 (0.00)
	Other	4 (6.67)	0 (0.00)		4 (8.51)	2 (16.67)
Height (cm)		76.405 (3.106)	75.489 (2.775)	.255	83.020 (3.112)	82.400 (1.909)	.437
Weight (kg)		10.139 (1.233)	9.926 (0.983)	.495	11.378 (1.328)	11.200 (0.881)	.613
BMI (kg/m^2)		17.320 (1.282)	17.434 (1.684)	.755	16.465 (1.237)	15.551 (4.231)	.130
Head circumference (cm)		46.005 (1.563)	45.132 (1.166)	.028	47.229 (1.421)	46.729 (1.247)	.190
Fontanel area (cm^2)		1.000 [0.250, 1.000]	1.000 [0.250, 1.000]	.842	1.000 [0.250, 1.000]	0.250 [0.090, 0.250]	.079
No. of teeth (n)		8.000 [6.000, 8.000]	6.000 [4.500, 8.000]	.137	16.000 [12.000, 16.000]	15.500 [11.500, 16.000]	.268
	24 months			30 months			36 months
	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p	GQE (n = 95)	PQE (n = 32)	p
Height (cm)	88.811 (4.253)	87.964 (3.336)	.533	93.575 (5.753)	92.762 (4.988)	.706	98.285 (3.650)	99.100 (2.816)	.710
Weight (kg)	12.555 (1.353)	12.773 (1.376)	.625	13.813 (1.621)	13.950 (1.768)	.826	15.036 (1.721)	15.600 (1.493)	.588
BMI (kg/m^2)	15.952 (1.792)	16.514 (1.645)	.335	15.661 (3.865)	16.245 (2.084)	.678	15.530 (1.197)	15.907 (1.681)	.615
Head circumference (cm)	48.134 (1.391)	48.091 (1.421)	.924	49.002 (1.436)	48.650 (1.239)	.571	50 [49.1, 50.4]	48.5 [48.5,48.5]	.243
No. of teeth (n)	16 [16, 17]	16 [16, 16.]	.658	20 [20, 20]	20 [20, 20]	.926	–	–	–

Figure 2. Analysis of correlation between the blastocyst quality and the children growth and development (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months). Blue is positive correlation, red is negative correlation. The numbers in the squares represent the correlation coefficients (r).

Figure 3. The growth and development speed curve of the children according to the blastocyst quality (GQE and PQE). Children’s growth curve (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months) of the height, weight and head circumference in the PQE group and the GQE group. (A) Height, (B) weight and (C) head circumference. The blue line represents PQE group, the red line represents GQE group and the lines from bottom to top represent 3%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 97%, respectively. Data are shown as box and whisker plots representing the median, inter quartile range and range.

Data availability statement

The data used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.